GIÁO ÁN GIÁO ÁN sách DESTINATION C1 & C2 ôn luyện Ngữ Pháp & Từ Vựng theo chủ đề

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UNIT 1 Present time ​

Present simple ​
General truths	The left-hand side of the brain controls the right-hand side of the body.
Current habits	I don’t always go to lectures that are early in the morning!
Permanent situations and states	Angie teaches French at a local adult education centre.
Telling jokes and other informal stories	So, a man goes to see his psychiatrist...
Live sports commentary	Adams passes to Kareshi. It’s a goal!
Newspaper headlines	HAWKING WINS NOBEL PRIZE
Reviews and summaries	The film ends with US not knowing whether they have been successful or not.
Instructions and directions	You turn left at the end of the road and the school is up ahead.
Proverbs and sayings	Too many cooks spoil the broth.
The future (for fixed events) (see Unit 5 for more information)	Term ends on 21st December.
The future (in time clauses) (see Unit 5 for more information)	I'll be so relieved when 1 finish this crossword.

Emphatic Present simple​
To emphasise contrast To emphasise strong feeling	Adam doesn't know much about psychiatry but he does know quite a lot about psychology. 1 do like playing word games!

Present continuous​
Actions happening now	The boys are doing their homework right now.
Actions happening around now	What book are you doing in English at the moment?
Temporary situations and series of actions	We aren't having any exams while the lecturers are still on strike.
Changing and developing situations	More and more people are recognising the advantages of being able to speak a foreign language.
Annoying or amusing habits (usually with always)	Dan's always coming up with the craziest ideas!
Background information in jokes and other informal stories	A man goes to see his psychiatrist. He's carrying a bag full of honey...
The future (for arrangements) (see Unit 5 for more information)	When are you taking your driving test?
The future (in time clauses) (see Unit 5 for more information)	I'll probably be a bit scared when I'm waiting outside for the exam to start.

Words and phrases often used with the present continuous​ now/ right now/ for now / currently / at the moment/ for the time being / at present / today / this week/ etc/ It’s/ That’s the last time

Present perfect​
Situations and states that started in the past and are still true A series of actions continuing up to now Completed actions at a time in the past which is not important or relevant Completed actions where the important thinơ is thp nrpspnt rpsult Artinns rnmnlptpH rprpntlv The future (in time clauses) (see Unit 5 for more information)	I've been a member of MENSA for over five years. She's done a BA, an MA and a PhD so far. Have you ever read any books by Edward De Bono? She’s been awarded a scholarship to study at Harvard. l\/e illst rereịụeii mu pỵpm rpsi/tts Tell me when you've finished the report.

US vs UK grammar American English, the past simple is often used instead of the present perfect simple. US: Did you find the answer yet? UK: Have you found the answer yet? US: I already found the answer. UK: I've already found the answer. In informal American English, gotten is sometimes used as a past participle instead of got when it means ‘obtain’, 'become' or ‘move’.​ US: I haven’t gotten the books yet. (= I haven't bought the books yet.) UK: I haven’t got the books yet. ​

Present perfect continuous​
Actions and situations continuing up to the present (or just before the present) The future (in time clauses) (see Unit 5 for more information) ​	We’ve all been wondering what to get Tony for his birthday and we just can’t decide. I won’t take my driving test until I've been having lessons for at least two months.​

Words and phrases often used with the present perfect continuous since / for / just / all day/week/etc​

WATCH OUT We usually use the present perfect simple to specify a particular number of times/things. ü I've written two essays this week. We usually use the present perfect continuous to emphasise the duration of an action/situation. ü I’ve worked here for five years, (no emphasis). ü I’ve been working here for five years, (emphasises the duration).​

Stative and non-stative uses of verbs​
When certain verbs are used to describe states, they are generally used in simple tenses rather than continuous tenses.
Communication	agree, deny, disagree
Thinking	believe, consider, doubt, expect, imagine, know, mean, realise, suppose, suspect, think, understand
Existence	be, exist
Emotions	adore, appeal, appreciate, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, fear, feel, forgive, hate, like, love, mind. need, pity, prefer, satisfy, trust, want, wish
Perception	appear, hear, look, notice, recognise, resemble, see, seem, smell, sound, taste
Possession and	belong, concern, consist, contain, cost, depend, equal, fit, have, Include, involve, lack, measure, owe,
relationships between thinoc	own, possess, suit, weigh
Other	deserve, matter

WATCH OUT Many of the verbs above can also be used in continuous tenses when they describe actions rather than states. These Ề verbs include: appeal, be, consider, depend, feel, have, include, look, mean, mind, see, smell, taste, think, weigh ü I think it's important to know how to use a computer, (state: think = believe) ü I’m thinking about going on a computer course, (action: think = consider)