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tác giả
TÀI LIỆU CÁC CHUYÊN ĐỀ NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH THI VÀO 10 được soạn dưới dạng file word gồm các file trang. Các bạn xem và tải các chuyên đề ngữ pháp tiếng anh thi vào 10 về ở dưới.
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
I.Clauses and phrase of concession introduced by although, though, even though, even if, In spite of, despite ... (mệnh đề, cụm chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
Định nghĩa: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ (MĐTNCSNB) là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các từ: “ though”, although” và” even though” (mặc dù, mặc dầu) dùng để chỉ sự tương phản, trái ngược với mệnh đề chính.
EX: They lost the match though / although /even though they played beautifully.
Lưu ý: Although / Even though / Though + clause
= Despite / In spite of + Noun phrase
Ex: Although they are poor, they live happily= Despite their poverty, they live happily
II.Clauses and phrase of reason introduced by as/ because/since (mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân) :
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân(MĐTNCNNLD) , lý do là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các từ :”because”, “since” và “as” dùng để giải thích nguyên nhân, lý do cho hành động, sự việc xãy ra ở mệnh đề chính.
+ Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng”because” có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc cuối câu
EX:Because he was sick, he stayed at home yesterday.
Hoặc : He stayed at home yesterday because he was sick.
+Mệnh đề bằng “since” và “as” chỉ được ở đầu câu mà thôi.
EX : Since /As it is raining, I can,t go to school.
Ta không viết được:I can,t go to scgool since /as it is raining.
Lưu ý: Khi làm bài tập nối các cặp câu sử dụng MĐTNCNNLD, ta phải đảm bảo danh từ luôn luôn đứng trước đại từ.
EX: We don,t help Nam.
We don,t like him.
As we don,t like Nam, we don,t help him. (danh từ “ Nam” đứng trước đại từ “him”)
Because/ Since/As + Clause
= Because of, / Due to/ Thanks to + Noun phrase
Ex: Because she was ill, she didn,t go to class
= Because of her illness, she didn,t go to class
III.Clauses and phrase of result with such/ so.that (mệnh đề, cụm chỉ kết quả)
Clause of result:
S - V + SO + adv/ adj + THAT + S – V (quá đến nổi)
S - V + SUCH + ( a/ an ) + adj + noun + THAT + S - V(quá đến nổi)
S - V + SO MANY ( plural countable noun) / + THAT + S - V
SO MUCH ( uncountable noun )
Phrase of result:
S - V + TOO + adj/ adv + ( for some one ) + TO V (quá đến nổi không thể)
S - V + ENOUGH + noun + ( for some one ) + TO V (đủ để)
Adj/ adv + ENOUGH
IV.Clauses and phrase of purpose expressed by so that, in order that (mệnh đề, cụm chỉ mục đích)
Nghĩa: Để
Cách dùng
Clause: S - V + so that / in order that + S + can/ could/ will/ would + V ( bare – infinitive)
Phrase: ª Khẳng định: S - V + to/ so as to/ in order to + V(bare-inf.)
S - V + in order for some one to + V(bare-inf.)
ª Phủ định: S - V + so as not to/ in order not to + V(bare-inf.)
***HOW TO CHANGE FROM CLAUSES – PHRASES:
Clause: S+V + O (câu)
Phrase: Noun phrase, verb phrase … (cụm)
Cách chuyển một clause à phrase
1.S + BE + ADJ
HIS/ HER/ MY + NOUN
( sở hữu) ( Adj-ness)
2
THE + NOUN + BE + ADJ
THE + ADJ + NOUN
3.Khi chủ ngữ ở hai mệnh đề giống nhau
S + V
V-ING
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
EXERCISES FOR ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
I.CLAUSE OF CONCESSION
A. Choose the best answer:
1. ________ having the best qualifications among all the applicants, Justin was not offered the job.
A. Although B. While C. In spite of D. Despite of
2. ________ the internet is very popular, many older people do not know how to use it.
A. However B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. Despite
3. _________ he wasn’t feeling very well, David was determined to take part in the inter-university athletics meet.
A. Although B. While C. Where as D. yet
4. __________ what Megan prepared for the job interview, she didn’t pass it.
A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Though D. However
5. Bruce was not praised_________ he was a hard worker.
A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. no matter how
6. It looks like they are going to succeed_________ their present difficulties.
A. despite B. although C. in spite D. even though
7. Mary usually goes to parties. She likes meeting people and crowded places ________she is rather shy.
A. In spite of B. Even though C. On the contrary D. In other words
8. Ann: Have you decided to get the job?
Terry: Yes, I’ve just decided. I’ll accept that job_________ it is not suitable with my major. It is not an interesting job, ________ the salary is very good.
A. although / but B. despite / and C. but / though D. yet / however
9. ________, he has continued to work on his thesis.
A. Although all these problems B. Even though there are problems
C. Despite of all these problems D. In spite of there are problems
10. In spite of ____________, he was determined to finish his work.
A. was seriously ill. B. be seriously ill C. his serious illness D. he was seriously ill
11. _______ some German and British management styles are similar, there are many differences between them.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. although D. Despite
12. I could not eat _______ I was very hungry.
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. despite of
13. In spite _______, the baseball game was not cancelled.
A. the rain B. of the rain B. it was raining D. there was a rain
14. _______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although
15. _______, he walked to the station.
A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired
C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired
16. The children slept well despite _______.
A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy
17. She left him _______ she still loved him.
A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite
18. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted.
A. In spite B. Even though C. In spite of D. Despite of
19. _______ they are brothers, they do not look alike.
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of
20. Our new neighbors are quite nice _______ they are sometimes talkative.
A. despite B. in spite of C. though D. as though
21. _______ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
A. In spite B. Despite C. But D. Although
22. _____________, he could not finish the job.
A. As hard as he work B. Despite he worked hard
C. Though he worked hard D. Although hard work
23. He went to work _____________ his headache.
A. despite B. although C. because D. because of
24. Despite the fact that _______, we enjoyed our trip.
A. the weather is bad B. it is a bad weather
C. the bad weather D. the weather was bad
25. Julie failed the exam _______ of working very hard.
A. despite B. in spite C. even if D. though
26. Tom went to work despite _______.
A. that he did not feel very well B. of the fact not feeling well
C. he did not feel very well D. not feeling very well
27. Though _______, they are good friends.
A. their sometimes quarrel B. to have a quarrel sometimes
C. they sometimes have a quarrel D. of having a quarrel sometimes
28. Despite _______, we arrived on time.
A. the traffic B. of the traffic
C. there was heavy traffic D. of there was heavy traffic
29. ___________it was very cold, she did not put on her coat.
A. In case B. But C. Even if D. Although
30. __________ rain or snow, there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the football games.
A. Despite B. Although C. Despite of D. Although
31. __________it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
A. If B. Since C. Although D. Because
32. We understood him __________ he spoke very fast.
A. because of B. though C. in spite of D. despite
33. _________ all my warnings, he tried to fix the computer himself.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of
34. Hans finished school __________ his leg injury.
A. because of B. despite C. though D. because
35. I try to do my homework ___________ the noise
A. because of B. although C. despite of D. in spite of
36. ___________ it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.
A. Because of B. Because C. Despite D. Though
37. ___________ having little money, they are happy.
A. Despite B. Because of C. Although D. Because
38. ____________ she was not well, she still went to work.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of
39. We are going to have a picnic _____________ the bad weather.
A. because B. despite C. although D. because of
40. __________ his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
A. Because of B. Because C. Though D. Despite
41. Although the sun was shining, __________.
A. it wasn’t very hot B. it was very hot C. yet it was very hot D. but it was very hot
42. Nowadays, the divorce rate is higher than it used to be________ young people are allowed to decide on their marriage.
A. despite B. but C. even though D. in spite of
43. _________ his poor health, Mr. Brown still works hard to support his family.
A. Despite of B. Despite C. Although D. Because of
44. I gave up the job ________ the attractive salary.
A. because B. because of C. although D. despite
45. _________ my father is old, he still goes jogging.
A. Although B. Because C. So that D. Despite
B. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.
46. In spite her severe pain, she tried to walk to the auditorium to attend the lecture.
A B C D
47. Despite of growing industrial activity, the majority of the American people continued
A B C
to make their living from farming until the beginning of the twentieth century.
D
48. Although our grandfather was old but he could help us.
A B C D
49. He tried to explain, so she refused to listen.
A B C D
50. He decided not to get that job in spite of the salary was low.
A B C D
51. Although the bad traffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time.
A B C D
52. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.
A B C D
53. Though he loves her very much, but he can’t talk to her.
A B C D
54. She always behaves childishly despite she has grown up.
A B C D
55. Although the rise in unemployment, people still seem to be spending more.
A B C D
56. Despite he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
A B C D
57. Although the time of the year, yesterday’s temperature was hot enough to turn on the
A B C D
air conditioning.
58. In spite of the quantity was small, we had enough supplies to finish the experiment.
A B C D
59. However she looks very young, she is twice as old as my-twenty-year old sister.
A B C D
60. Despite of his smiling face, the second place contestant is sadder than the winner.
A B C D
61. Gold was one of the first to be discovered despite it is one of the rarest metals.
A B C D
62. Polar bears rarely kill people in spite they hunt other animals.
A B C D
63. Even though the extremely bad weather in the mountain, the climbers decided not to
A B C
cancel their climb.
D
64. Although the harm of smoking, smokers can’t get rid it.
A B C D
C. Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one.
65. We stayed in that hotel despite the noise.
A. Despite the hotel is noisy, we stayed there.
B. We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it.
C. Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there.
D. Because of the noise, we stayed in the hotel.
66. Young as he is, he has a big fortune.
A. Although he is young, he has a big fortune.
B. He has a big fortune because he is young.
C. He is not only young but also has a big fortune.
D. When he is young, he has a big fortune.
67. Despite the bad weather, people travel by air.
A. Even though the weather is bad, people travel by air.
B. Because the weather is bad, people travel by air.
C. In spite of people travel by air, the weather is bad.
D. Although the bad weather, people travel by air.
68. Although his leg was hurt, he managed to drive a car.
A. His leg was hurt. However, he managed to drive a car.
B. his leg was hurt. But he managed to drive a car.
C. Despite his hurt leg, he managed to drive a car.
D. In spite of the fact that his hurt leg, he managed to drive a car.
69. He was very tired but he kept on working.
A. Despite he was very tired, he kept on working.
B. In spite of he was very tired, he kept on working.
C. Though his tiredness, he kept on working.
D. Although he was very tired, he kept on working.
70. Although she was very old, she looked very grateful.
A. Despite she was very old, she looked very grateful.
B. Despite her old age, she looked very grateful.
C. In spite of very old, she looked very grateful.
D. In spite her being old, she looked very grateful.
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONCESSION
II.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF REASON
I/ Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence.
1. he is tired, he can’t work longer.
A. Because B. Even though C. Although D. Besides
2. it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
A. If B. Since C. Although D. Because
3. it was late, we decided to take a taxi home.
A. Because B. Since C. Because of D. Although
4. you subtract 7 from 12, you will have 5.
A. Because B. If C. Though D. As
5. We couldn’t reach the house the road was flooded.
A. because B. because of C. if D. though
6. he has a headache, he has to take an aspirin.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of
7. The flight had to be delayed the bad weather.
A. because B. Because of C. despite D. when
8. he comes to the theater with me, I shall go alone.
A. Because of B. Because C. Unless D. When
9. Take a map with you you lose your way.
A. so B. because C. although D. in case
10. rain or snow, there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the football games.
A. Even though B. Because C. Despite D. Because of
11. his illness, he had to cancel the appointment.
A. However B. Despite C. If D. Because of
12. Minh had a terrible headache. , he went to school.
A. However B. But C. Although D. Because
13. Tom has a bike, he always walks to school.
A. but B. because of C. because D. despite
14. My sister will take the plane she dislikes flying.
A. because B. so that C. although D. before
15. We decided to leave the party early it was boring.
A. due to B. because C. but D. and
16. The students arrived late the traffic jam.
A. because B. owing to C. despite D. so
17. he missed the first bus, he came ten minutes late.
A. Since B. Although C. However D. Therefore
18. his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
A. In spite of B. Because of C. If D. Although
19. It was difficult to deliver the letter the sender had written the wrong address on the envelope.
A. though B. but C. so D. because
20. it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
A. However B. But C. Although D. Because
21. He didn’t answer the questions correctly _______.
A. although he isn’t intelligent B. because he is intelligent
C. in spite of his intelligence D. despite his intelligent
22. ______, I can’t hear what he is saying.
A. Because of the noise B. Because of the soft music
C. Though the music is noise D. In spite of the noise music
23. _____, I feel very refresh.
A. Because I work very hard B. Although I get up early
C. Because of getting up early D. Despite getting up late
24. They live happily ______.
A. because they have no money B. though they are rich
C. in spite of their poverty D. because of their poor
25. He can’t join in the volunteer campaign _______.
A. although he is busy B. because he hurts his legs
C. in spite of working very hard D. because of registering for it
26. Though he drove carefully, he had an accident yesterday.
A. Despite his carelessness, he had an accident yesterday.
B. Despite he drove carefully, he had an accident yesterday.
C. In spite of driving carefully, he had an accident yesterday.
D. In spite of a careful drive, he had an accident yesterday.
27. He was very tired but he kept on working.
A. Despite very tired, he kept on working.
B. Though his tiredness, he kept on working.
C. Although he was very tired, but he kept on working.
D. He kept on working although he was very tired.
28. Although it rained heavily, they went on working.
A. In spite of the rain heavily, they went on working.
B. In spite of the raining heavily, they went on working.
C. Despite the heavy rain, they went on working.
D. Though the fact that it rained heavily, they went on working.
29. Cars cause pollution but people still want them.
A. Because cars cause pollution, people want them.
B. Despite the fact that cars cause pollution, people want them.
C. Cars cause pollution although people want them.
D. Cars cause pollution because people still want them.
30. She was seriously ill but she enjoyed life very much.
A. In spite of her serious illness, she enjoyed life very much.
B. Although she enjoyed life very much, she was seriously ill.
C. She was seriously ill because she enjoyed life very much.
D. Despite seriously ill, she enjoyed life very much.
II/ Choose the underlined part among A, B, C, or D that needs correcting:
31. My friends advised her to stop doing the housework because her old age.
A B C D
32. Because the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines,
A B
women spend less time doing the housework.
C D
33. John didn’t go to work because of he was seriously ill.
A B C D
34. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.
A B C D
35. Peter succeeded in his exam because of he worked hard and methodically.
A B C D
36. Rice plants grow well because the climate is warmly and damp.
A B C D
37. The plane couldn’t take off because the bad weather.
A B C D
38. He couldn’t drive fast owing to the street was crowded and narrow.
A B C D
39. The train was late because the fog is thick.
A B C D
40. Since the difficult test, I couldn’t finish it on time.
A B C D
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF REASON
III.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT
A.Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct option to fill each of the following blanks.
1. Our seats were _____ far from the stage that we couldn't see the actors and actresses clearly.
A. very B. too C. enough D. so
2. He was _____ he never washed his clothes by himself.
A. too lazy B. so lazy that C. very lazy that D. such lazy that
3. They are _____ young _____ drive the car.
A. so / that B. too / to C. enough / to D. not only / but also
4. It was _____ a boring speech that I felt asleep.
A. such B. so C. very D. too
5. Is there _____ for everyone?
A. food and drink enough B. enough food and drink
C. enough of food and drink D. enough food and drink enough
6. He was _____ he could not continue to work.
A. very tired that B. such tired that C. too tired that D. so tired that
7. John’s eyes were _____ bad that he couldn’t read the number plate of the car in front.
A. such B. too C. so D. very
8. - Why don’t we make a fire? - It’s not cold _____ to make a fire.
A. too B. enough C. such D. much
9. Most of the pupils are _____ to pass the examination.
A. enough good B. good enough C. too good D. very good
10. You can send me a letter if you want to, but your phone call is _____ for me.
A. enough good B. good as enough C. good enough D. good than enough
11. Davis has _____ many patients _____ he is always busy.
A. too / that B. very / until C. such / that D. so / that
12. It was _____ a difficult question that they couldn't explain.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
13. The lesson _____ for me to understand.
A. is very difficult B. too difficult C. difficult too D. is too difficult
14. The tent show is _____ for us to see.
A. enough interesting B. very interesting
C. interesting enough D. interesting
15. They are _____ that they can't buy a bicycle.
A. enough poor B. poor enough C. so poor D. too poor
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to show the underlined part that needs correction.
1. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time.
A B C D
2. Mi has such many things to do that she has no time to go out.
A B C D
3. My brother is too young not to do volunteer work .
A B C D
4. These televisions were so expensive for us to buy at that time.
A B C D
5. That is such an interested story that everybody would like to read it.
A B C D
6. The road is very slippery for us to drive fast.
A B C D
7. The woman was so surprised that she couldn’t say nothing.
A B C D
8. She had so many luggage that there was not enough room in the car for it.
A B C D
9. He had so a difficult exercise that he couldn't do it.
A B C D
10. John had so interesting and creative plans that everyone wanted to work with him.
A B C D
C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence which is closest in meaning to the given one
1. We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad.
A. It was so bad a weather that we couldn’t go out.
B. It was such a bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
C. It was so bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
D. It was such bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
2. She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
A. She was very busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
B. She was too busy to answer the phone.
C. She was too busy not to answer the phone.
D. She was very busy so that she couldn’t answer the phone
3. The coffee was too hot for me to drink.
A. The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it
B. The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink.
C. The coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it.
D. The coffee was so hot that I could drink it.
4. If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf.
A. I am not tall enough to reach the top shelf.
B. I am too tall to reach the top shelf.
C. I cannot reach the top shelf because I am very tall.
D. In spite of being tall, I cannot reach the top shelf.
5. It was such a boring speech that we began to yawn.
The speech was very boring that we began to yawn.
It was so a boring speech that we began to yawn.
The speech was too boring that we began to yawn.
The speech was so boring that we began to yawn.
6. It was so late that nothing could be done.
It was too late for nothing to be done.
It was too late for anything to be done.
It was such late that nothing could be done.
It was so late that nothing to be done.
7. This is the first time I have lived in such a friendly neighborhood.
I have lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
I haven’t lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
I had lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
I hadn’t lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
8 The test was so difficult that we couldn’t finish it in two hours.
It was such a difficult test that we couldn’t finish it in two hours.
The test was too difficult for us to finish it in two hours.
The test was not difficult enough for us to finish in two hours.
The test was too difficult for us to finish it in two hour.
9. The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.
A. It was so a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
B. It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
C. The book was so good for me to put it down.
D. The book was so good that I couldn’t put down.
10. Sue is too slow to understand what you might say.
A. Sue is not enough quick to understand what you might say.
B. What you might say, Sue can understand slowly.
C. Sue is so slow to understand what you might say.
D. So slow is Sue that she can’t understand what you might say.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT
I.
II.
III.
IV. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. He chained up the lioness at night___________ could frighten anyone.
A. so that he B. in order that she C. for fear that she D. for her not to
2. The burglar cut the telephone wires____________ call the police.
A. so that he can B. in order that I could C. for fear that I D. for me not to
3. The manufacturers have made the taps of their new gas cooker very stiff _________ young children not to be able to turn them on.
A. so that B. in order that they wanted C. for fear that D. for
4. The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes. He wanted the pedestrians to be across the road.
à The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes ____________
A. in order that the pedestrians can be across the road.
B. in order to the pedestrians be across the road.
C. so that the pedestrians could be across the road.
D. so the pedestrians could be across the road.
5. I am putting the nets over my strawberry plants_______ the birds can eat all the strawberries.
A. so that B. in order that C. for not D. for fear that
6. We put bars in the lower windows____________ climb in.
A. so that every one could B. in order that no one
C. for fear that no one D. for no one to
7. Turn down the oven. We don’t want the meat to burn while we are out.
Turn down the oven___________________________________________
A. for the meat don’t burn while we are out.
B. not for the meat to burn while we are out.
C. so as to the meat not burn while we are out.
D. so that the meat can’t burn while we are out.
8. He telephoned from a public call-box. He didn’t want the call to be traced to his own address.
He telephoned from a public call-box___________________________________
A. less the call could be traced to his own address.
B. in order that the call to be traced to his own address.
C. so the call can’t be traced to his own address.
D. so that the call could be traced to his own address.
9. We keep the spade in the house. There may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
We keep the spade in the house_______________________________________
A. so that there may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
B. in order to there may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
C. so to be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
D. so there may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
10. The debate on education has been postponed. The government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
The debate on education has been postponed_____________________________
A. in order that the government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
B. in order to the government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
C. so that the government can discuss the latest crisis.
D. so the government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
11. The ceiling is ______.
A. too high for me to reach B. too tall for me to reach
C. so high for me reaching D. enough high of me to reaching
12. He goes to England_____.
A. so that he learns English B. so that he may learn English
C. so to learn English D. so he learns English
13. It was too late _____.
A. to go for them to the party. B. for them to go to the party.
C. because they go to the party. D. so they go to the party.
14. She hid the present______ _______.
A. so that the children wouldn’t find it B. in order to the children not to find it
C. for the children not find it D. in order that the children not to find it
15. “ I tried to study English well. I wanted to get a good job.” means________.
A. I tried to study English well so that I can get a good job
B. I tried to study English well in order that I can get a good job
C. I tried to study English well to get a good job
D.I try to study English well in order that I can get a good job
16. “They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them.” means _____.
A. They whispered in order to make anyone hear them
B. They whispered so that no one could hear them
C. They whispered to make everyone hear them
D. They whispered in order that make everyone hear them
17. “We preserve natural resources. We can use them in the future.” means_____.
A. We preserve natural resources so that we can use them in the future
B. We preserve natural resources so as to we can use them in the future
C. We preserve natural resources in order to we can use them in the future
D. We preserve natural resources for fear that we can use them in the future
18. The teacher was explaining the lesson slowly and clearly_____.
A. to make his students to understand it
B. in order that his students can understand it
C. so as to that his students could understand it
D. so that his students could understand it
19. I am not _____ a car.
A. rich enough to buy B. too rich enough to buy
C. too poor to buy D. enough rich to buy
20. _______ to go to the cinema.
A. it was late so that B. that it was late C. it was too late D. such too late
21. The piano was too heavy ______.
A. for nobody to move B. for nobody to moving
C. for anyone to move D. for anyone to moving
22. The school boys are in hurry ______ they will not be late for school.
A. so as to B. to C. in order that D. for
23. He turned off the lights before going out _____ waste electricity.
A. so that not B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as not to
24. The film was ______ through.
A. too long for us to see B. very long for us to see it
C. too long for us seeing it D. too long enough for us to see
25. The coffee was _____ to drink.
A. so strong B. strong
C. enough strong D. too strong
26. I bought this new software _____ Chinese.
A. for learning B. learning C. to learn D. learned
27. Mary jogs everyday ______ lose weight.
A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to
28. He was playing very softly_____________ he _____________ disturb anyone.
A. in order that / couldn’t B. so that / can’t C. so that / could D. so/ can
29. I sent him out of the room _________discuss his progress with his headmaster.
A. for B. in order to C. so as D. in order that
30. He fixed a metal ladder to the wall below his window_____ escape if there was a fire.
A. to B. not to C. so as not D. so that
31. The police had barricaded the main street__________ prevent the demonstrators from marching through the town.
A. so as to B. not to C. so as not to D. in order
32. They evacuated everybody from the danger zone_______ they _____ reduce the risk.
A. to/ could B. so that/ couldn’t C. in order that / can D. so that/ could
33. He sent his children to the school__________ get more knowledge.
A. for him to B. to for them C. so as for them to D. so that he could
34. The workmen left red lights near the hole__________ warn motorists.
A. to B. for them not to C. so for them to D. so
35. I am learning skiing at an indoor school________ when I get to Switzerland.
A. to skiing B. to ski C. so as not to ski D. so that I can’t ski
36. Keep my hens in a field surrounded by wire netting_____ I can protect them against the foxes.
A. to B. not to C. so as not to D. so that
37. I am saving up_________ buy a helicopter.
A. due to B. owing to C. so as to D. despite
38. He had the telephone installed in his car_________ his secretary to be able to contact him wherever necessary.
A. so that B. in order that C. so as to D. for
39. We built the roof with a steel slope________ the snow to slide off easily.
A. less B. in order that C. for fear that D. for
40. The notices are written in several languages__________ to understand them.
A. for no one B. every one C. so that every one can D. for every one
V.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION
PART I: MCQ
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that needs correcting in each sentence below:
If they have time in the weekend, they will come to see us.
A B C D
If we sneak out quietly, nobody notice.
A B C D
If we knew about your problem, we would have helped you.
A B C D
If I am you, I would not buy that dress.
A B C D
We would have arrived earlier if we not missed the bus.
A B C D
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the question below.
6. If I had time, I _____________ shopping with you.
A. went B. will go C. would go D. would have gone
7. If you ________ English, you will get along with them perfectly.
A. can speak B. had spoken C. speaks D. spoke
8. If they had gone for a walk, they _________ the lights off.
A. had turned B. would have turn C. would have turned D. would turn
9. If she ___________ to see us, we will go to the zoo.
A. came B. come C. comes D. is coming
10. I would have told you, if I ________ him.
A. had meet B. had met C. meet D. met
11. Would you mind if I _________ the window?
A. close B. closing C. had closed D. would close
12. If they _______ me, I wouldn't have said no.
A. had invited B. invited C. invite D. would have invited
13. My friend _______ me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
A. meets B. will meet C. would have met D. would meet
14. If I ________ it, nobody would do it.
A. did B. didn’t do C. do D. don’t do
15. If my father ________ me up, I'll take the bus home.
A. doesn’t pick B. don’t pick C. not pick D. picks
16. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life _______ complete.
A. will be not B. will not be C. would not be D. would not have been
17. Okay, I ________ the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
A. bought B. buy C. will buy D. would buy
18. She _______ out with you if you had only asked her.
A. will go B. would go C. would had gone D. would have gone
19. If you had tried your best, you _______ disappointed about the result now.
A. won’t be B. wouldn’t be C. wouldn’t have D. wouldn’t have been
20. I would not have read your diary if you ______ it in such an obvious place.
A. didn’t hide B. hadn’t hid C. hadn’t hidden D. not hid
21. If I had enough money, ___________.
A. I will buy that house B. I’d have bought that house
C. I could buy that house D. I can buy that house
22. ___________ if you take a map.
A. You will get lost B. You won’t get lost
C. You would get lost D. You would have got lost
23. We would save thousands of lives if ________________.
A. we found the remedy for the flu B. we had not found the remedy for the flu C. we find the remedy for the flu D. we’ll find the remedy for the flu
24. I won’t accept unless ____________.
A. Tom to apologize B. Tom is apologizing
C. Tom apologizes D. When Tom apologizes
25. I’ll help you if __________________.
A. you told me the truth B. you tell me the truth
C. you will tell me the truth D. you have told me the truth
26. I wouldn’t have got wet ____.
A. if I had an umbrella with me. B. if I had had an umbrella with me
C. Unless I had had an umbrella with me D. in case I had an umbrella with me
27. _____________ , he would not have had the accident yesterday.
A. If Peter driven more carefully B. If had Peter driven more carefully
C. Had Peter driven more carefully D. Unless Peter had driven more carefully
28. I didn’t listen to him and I didn’t succeed.
A. If I listened to him, I would have succeed.
B. If I had listened to him, I’d have succeeded.
C. If I had listened to him, I would succeed.
D. If I listened to him, I would succeed.
29. If he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.
A. Unless he apologizes, then I will never invite him here again.
B. Unless he apologizes, or I will never invite him here again.
C. Unless he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.
D. Unless he apologizes, I will never invite him here again.
30. I have to work tomorrow morning, so I can’t meet you.
A. If I don’t have to work tomorrow morning, I can meet you.
B. If I didn’t have to work tomorrow morning, I would meet you.
C. I could meet you if I don’t have to work tomorrow morning.
D. I can meet you if I didn’t have to work tomorrow morning.
31. Do your homework first and I’ll let you play the computer games.
A. I won’t allow you to do homework when you play the computer games.
B. Let’s play the computer games without doing your homework.
C. You are allowed to play the computer games without doing your homework.
D. Unless you do homework first, I won’t let you play the computer games.
32. I don’t have enough money with me now; otherwise I would buy that coat.
A. If I didn’t have money with me now, I would buy that coat.
B. If I had money with me now, I would buy that coat.
C. If I had money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.
D. If I didn’t have money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.
33. You drink too much coffee, that's why you can't sleep.
A. If you drank less coffee, you would be able to sleep.
B. You drink much coffee and you can sleep.
C. You wouldn’t sleep well if you hadn't drink any coffee.
D. You can sleep better without coffee.
34. Susan felt sick because she got caught in the rain.
A. If Susan got caught in the rain, she would felt sick.
B. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't have felt sick.
C. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't feel sick.
D. Susan got caught in the rain and she still felt sick.
35. He didn't hurry so he missed the plane.
A. If he hurried, he wouldn't miss the plane.
B. If he had hurried, he might catch the plane.
C. If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane.
D. He didn't miss the plane because he hurried.
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence:
1. I didn’t know that you were in hospital, so I didn’t visit you.
à If _______________________________________
2. Hurry up or you will be late.
à If _______________________________________
3. She is very busy, so she can’t help me now.
à If _______________________________________
4. He didn’t phone me because he didn’t know my phone number.
à If _______________________________________
5. You’re unfit because you don’t take exercise.
à If _______________________________________
6. Unless you are careful, you will cut yourself with that knife.
à If _______________________________________
7. If I have time, I’ll help you.
à Unless _______________________________________
8. He didn't study his lessons very carefully, so he gets bad marks now.
à If _______________________________________
9. Dick often causes accidents because he drives carelessly.
à If _______________________________________
10. I can’t apply for that job because I don’t know English.
à If _______________________________________
11. Susan is overweight because she eats too much chocolate.
à If _______________________________________
12. His father often punishes him for his laziness.
à If _______________________________________
13. Study harder or you'll fail in the next exam.
à If _______________________________________
14. We did not visit the museum because we had no time.
à If _______________________________________
15. Without Jack's help, I wouldn't have been able to move the table.
à If _______________________________________
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION
PART I
PART II
1. ² If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
2. ² If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
3. ² If she weren’t very busy, she could help me now.
4. ² If he had known my phone number, he would have phoned me.
5. ² If you took (more) exercise, you would be fit/ wouldn’t be unfit.
6. ² If you are not careful, you’ll cut yourself with that knife.
² If you are careful, you won’t cut yourself with that knife.
7. ² Unless I have time, I won’t help you.
8. ² If he had studied his lessons very carefully, he wouldn’t get bad marks now.
9. ² If Dick drove carefully, he wouldn’t cause accident (often)
10.² If I knew English, I could apply for that job.
11.² If Susan didn’t eat (too) much chocolate, she wouldn’t be overweight.
² If Susan ate less chocolate, she wouldn’t be overweight
12.² If he weren’t lazy, his father wouldn’t punish him (often).
² If he were (more) hard-working, his father wouldn’t punish him (often).
13. ² Unless you study harder, you'll fail in the next exam.
14. ²If we had had time, we would have visited the museum.
15. ² If Jack hadn't helped, I wouldn't have been able to move the table.
I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) which best completes each sentence.
1. Of the four dresses, which is _________________expensive?
A. the best B. the most C. the more D. the greater
2. The larger the apartment, the __________________ the rent is.
A. expensive B. more expensive C. expensively D. most expensive
3. The faster we walk, __________________ we will get there.
A. the soonest B. the soon C. the more soon D. the sooner
4. “Why did you buy these oranges?” “They were __________________ I could find”
A. cheapest B. cheapest ones C. the cheapest ones D. the most cheapest
5. She plays the piano __________________ as she sings.
A. as beautifully B. more beautifully C. as beautiful D. the most beautifully
6. The streets are getting more and __________________ these days.
A. crowded B. less crowded C. more crowded D. most crowded
7. The larger the city, __________________the crime rate.
A. highest B. higher C. the highest D. the higher
8. You must explain your problems ________.
A. as clear as you can B. as clearly as you can
C. as clear than you are D. as clearly as you are
9. Nobody in this team plays _________ Tom.
A. as good as B. so well as C. as best as D. as well as
10. Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure. Everyone says that Joan is _____________.
A. smarter B. the smarter C. more smarter D. more smart
11. Bill is _________________.
A. lazier and lazier B. more and more lazy
C. lazier and more lazy D. more lazy and lazier
12. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere _______________?
A. noisier B. more quiet C. more noisy D. quieter
13. ______the time passes, _____I feel! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it.
A. The faster / the nervous B. The more fast / the nervous
C. The fast / the more nervous D. The faster / the more nervous
14. China is the country with__________________ population.
A. the larger B. the more large C. the largest D. the most large
15. She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting__________________. Finally she exploded.
A. more and more angry B. the more angry
C. angrier and angrier D. the most angry
16. For ___________ it is certain that in the future some things will be very different.
A. the better or the worse B. the good or the bad
C. good or bad D. better or worse
17. Her grandfather’s illness was__________________ we thought at first.
A. more seriously as B. as seriously as
C. more serious than D. as serious than
18. My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed____________ usual.
A. more early than B. as early as C more earlier as D. earlier than
19._______ you study for these exams, _______ you will do.
A. The harder / the better B. The more / the much
C. The hardest / the best D. The more hard / the more good
His house is _______ mine.
A. twice as big as B. as twice big as C. as two times big as D. as big as twice
21. Today English is ____ international of languages.
A. more B. most C. the most D. the more
22. Is this book more interesting ____ the one you read last week?
A. that B. as C. than D. of
23. The teacher speaks English ____ we do.
A. fluently B. more fluently C. most fluently D. more fluently than
24. John is much ____ I thought.
A. strong B. more strong C. stronger than D. more strong than
25. Thank you! That’s ____ gift I have ever received.
A. the nicer B. a nice C. nicest D. the nicest
26. The little boy spoke English ____ his brother.
A. more fast B. fast than C. the fastest D. faster than
27. Sorry we’re late. Your house is much ____ than we thought.
A. far B. the farthest C. the farther D. farther
28. China is the country with the ____ population.
A. larger B. large C. most large D. largest
29. My sister is much ____ than me.
A. pretty B. prettier C. the prettiest D. more prettier
30. Do you feel ____ today than yesterday?
A. well B. good C. best D. better
II. Identify the underlined word that must be changed to make the sentence correct.
31. Nobody is happy than Miss Snow is.
A B C D
32. He needs many more sugar than I do.
A B C D
33. Does Mary feel weller today than she did yesterday?
A B C D
34. It’s becoming hard and harder to find a job.
A B C D
35. The more you have, the most you want.
A B C D
III. Complete the sentences using a comparative form.
1. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere __________________?
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _________________.
3. My job is a bit boring, sometimes I’d like to do something ________________.
4. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _____.
5. Don’t worry. The situation isn’t so bad. It could be __________________.
IV. Complete the sentences using double comparative form.
It becomes __________________ to find a job. (hard)
That hole in your pullover is getting __________________. (big)
As I waited for my interview, I became __________________. (nervous)
As the day went on, the weather got __________________. (bad)
As the conversation went on, he became __________________. (talkative)
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that their meanings stay the same beginning as shown.
As he grows older, he becomes increasingly cheerful.
The older ________________________________________________
We sit near to the stage. We can see clearly.
The nearer ________________________________________________
I feel miserable when it is hot.
The hotter _________________________________________________
We live far from our house. We miss it very much.
The farther ________________________________________________
As TV programs become more popular, they seem to get worse.
The more _________________________________________________
I, II
III/ 1. quieter 2. stronger 3. more interesting
4. more difficult 5. worse
IV/ 1. harder and harder 2. bigger and bigger 3. more and more nervous
4. worse and worse 5. more and more talkative
V/ 1. The older he grows, the more cheerful he becomes.
2. The nearer we sit to the stage, the more clearly we can see.
3. The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
4. The farther we live from our house, the more we miss it.
5. The more popular TV programs become, the worse they seem to get.
VII. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER
I. Choose the best option to complete the questions.
1. These students never do anything _________ the teacher shows them.
A. as if B. as C. because D. if
2. When I told her the news she acted _________ it was my fault.
A. as B. although C. as though D. that
3. It sounds _________ it is raining.
A. as if B. even if C. now that D. in case
4. The dog isn’t a child, but they treat it as if it _________ a child.
A. had been B. were C. is D. be
5. Why can’t we live our life _________ we want to live it?
A. how B. as if C. or D. because
6. How can the boss act _________ nothing had happened?
A. if B. as though C. so D. therefore
7. The boss behaved _________ he always does.
A. as if B. like C. in case D. when
8. She acted _________ she were mad.
A. as B. as if C. because D. if
9. We try to work honestly _________ we won’t feel ashamed in any situation.
A. as if B. in order that C. the way D. although
10. I feel _________ I am floating on air.
A. yet B. that C. as if D. if
11. They seem to be really angry. It sounds _________.
A. as if they are having an argument B. they are tired
C. as though they haven’t met for ages D. as they are not friends
12. He is very late. It looks as if he _________.
A. is not coming B. came C. did not come D. had not come
13. _______ former radio-broadcaster and actor, Ronald Reagan is an excellent speaker.
A. Like B. As C. As a D. As if
14. He has lost a lot of weight________ he went on that diet.
A. as if B. since C. even though D. when
15. He acted as if he_________ English perfectly.
A. known B. know C. knew D. is knowing
16. We have bought extra food _________ our guests stay to dinner.
A. when B. in case C. as if D. so that
17. “You can go to the party tonight _________ you are sober when you come home.”
A. as soon as B. as long as C. as if D. as far as
18. You can use my car _________ you drive carefully.
A. as long as B. as C. unless D. until
19. Beautiful _________ the necklace was, we didn’t buy it because we thought it was over-priced.
A. as B. as although C. so D. however
20. I'd ________ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
A. rather not have B. not rather had C. rather not to have D. rather not having
21. He looked frightened as if he ________ a ghost.
A. sees B. is seeing C. has seen D. had seen
22. Doctor, I feel as if my head ________ on fire at the moment.
A. is B. were C. had been D. be
23. Everybody was exhausted. It looked as if they ________ hard.
A. had been working B. worked C. were working D. have worked
24. They are making so much noise. It looks as if they ________ a party.
A. are having B. had C. have had D. will have
25. My neighbors always treat us as though we ________ their servants.
A. are B. have been C. were D. would be
26. It is cloudy. It looks as if it .
A. was raining B. is going to rain C. would rain D. had rained
27. It seems _______ those students hadn’t learnt this grammar point before.
A. so that B. as if C. such that D. even though
28. His mother is crying as if she ________ a baby.
A. is B. had been C. were D. was
29. He often acts as if he ________ the Prime Minister
A. will be B. was C. has been D. would be
30. He walks into the furniture as if he ________ blind.
A. is B. were C. had been D. has been
31. Don't look at me _______ it were my fault.
A. as though B. because C. if D. when
32. I don’t like Norma. She talks _______ she knew everything.
A. because B. as if C. although D. if
33. The house is quiet as though nobody ________ at home.
A. were B. has been C. is D. will be
34. The room was very messy as if there ________ a bomb explosion.
A. was B. was having C. had been D. is
35. Don't talk to me as if I ________ a child
A. am B. were C. was D. had been
36. He walks as if he ________ a wooden leg.
A. has B. had C. has had D. is having
II. Identify the underlined part that needs correction .
37. Today it is almost impossible imagining the world as it was before the invention of
A B C
the automobile.
D
38. The old lady dresses as if it is winter even in the summer.
A B C D
39. Angelique walks as though she has studied modelling.
A B C D
40. Betty talked about the contest as if she won the grand prize last month.
A B C D
41. When I saw Helen, she looked as if she saw a ghost.
A B C D
42. He’s always asking me to do things for her as if I don’t have enough to do.
A B C D
43. After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing happened.
A B C D
44. Ann sounded as if she has a cold, didn’t she?
A B C D
III. Rewrite each of the following sentences so that its meaning remained unchanged
45. I had a feeling that I was walking in the air.
àI feel as though ……………………………………………………..
46. He spent his money like a prince.
àHe spent his money as if ……………………………………………………..
47. You speak like a prophet.
àYou speak as though ……………………………………………………..
48. She pretended not to know me.
àShe looked as if she ……………………………………………………..
49. He appears to be running away from your fierce dog.
à It looks as if …………………………………………………………..
50. He doesn’t know how to use a computer.
à He talks as though………..……………………………………………..
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER
45. I feel as though I had been walking in the air.
46. He spent his money as if he were a prince.
47. You speak as though you were a prophet.
48. She looked as if she hadn’t known me.
49. It looks as if he is running away from your fierce dog.
50. He talks as though he knew how to use a computer.
VIII.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME
I will call you before I ________ over.
A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. came
2. After she graduates, she ________ a job.
A. got B. will get C. had got D. get
3. When I _________ him tomorrow, I will ask him.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. see
4. As soon as it _________ raining, we will leave.
A. stops B. stop C. had stopped D. stopped
5. By the time he comes, we will have already __________.
A. leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
6. Whenever I ________ her, I say hello.
A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. saw
7. The next time I go to New York, I am going ________ a ballet.
A. seeing B. see C. saw D. to see
8. I will never speak to him again so long as I _______.
A. lives B. will live C. am living D. live
9. By the time Bill ____ to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be ready for sleep.
A. had gone B. will go C. goes D. went
10. As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we ________ out for dinner.
A. went B. will go C. will have gone D. go
11. By the time I return to my country, I _________ away from home for more than three years.
A. would be B. will have been C. will be D. am
12. After he _______ breakfast tomorrow, he will get ready to go to work.
A. will have had B. has C. will be having D. have
13. As soon as he finishes dinner, he _______ the children for a work to a nearby playground.
A. will take B. takes C. will be taking D. took
14. When Bill gets home, his children ___________ in the yard.
A. played B. will play C. will be playing D. play
15. He will work at his desk until he ______ to another meeting in the middle of the afternoon.
A. went B. go C. will go D. goes
16. She ________ lunch by the time we arrived.
A. finished B. has finished C. had finished D. finishing
17. Bob will come soon. When Bob _______, we will see him.
A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. comes
18. I will get home at 5:30. After I get home, I ________ dinner.
A. will have B. will be having C. had D. have
19. As soon as the taxi _________, we will be able to leave for the airport.
A. arrives B. arrive C. will arrive D. arrived
20. I will go to bed after I _________my work.
A. finish B. finished C. will finish D. finishes
21. I ________ here when you arrive tomorrow.
A. am B. had been C. could be D. will be
22. I am going to wait right here until Jessica ________.
A. comes B. will have come C. is coming D. came
23. As soon as the war ________over, there will be great joy throughout the land.
A. are B. will be C. is D. would be
24. Right now the tide is low, but when the tide comes in, the ship ______ the harbor.
A. left B. will leave C. will have left D. leave
25. I am going to start making dinner before my wife ______ home from work today.
A. get B. gets C. will get D. got
Identify the underlined part that needs correction :
26. When it raining, I usually go to school by bus.
A B C D
27. I learned a lot of Japanese while I am in Tokyo.
A B C D
28. I have not been well since I return home.
A B C D
29. I’ll stay here until will you get back.
A B C D
30. When Sam was in New York, he stays with his cousins.
A B C D
31. Last night, I had gone to bed after I had finished my homework.
A B C D
32. I will call you before I will come over.
A B C D
33. Ever since I was a child, I had been afraid of dogs.
A B C D
34. By the time I left my apartment this morning, someone looked for me.
A B C D
35. Whenever Mark will be angry, his nose gets red.
A B C D
36. I had fried chicken when I am at the restaurant.
A B C D
37. The first time that I went to New York, I go to an opera.
A B C D
38. Before I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
A B C D
39. When she will see him tomorrow, she will ask him.
A B C D
40. As I was walking home, it begin to rain.
A B C D
41. We stayed there after we finished our work.
A B C D
42. Once it will stop raining, we will leave.
A B C D
43. I will never speak to him again as long as I will live.
A B C D
44. As soon as the other passengers gets on the bus, we’ll leave.
A B C D
45. As soon as I will finish my report, I’ll call you and we’ll go out to dinner.
A B C D
46. Mark was listening to music after his sister was reading a book.
A B C D
47. Sam hadn’t received the parcel when I speak to him.
A B C D
48. I have been hoping to meet you before I read your first novel.
A B C D
49. By the time you finishes getting ready, we will have missed the train.
A B C D
50. When you will arrive, there will be someone to meet.
A B C D
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 13
CÁC TỪ (CỤM TỪ) DIỄN TẢ SỐ LƯỢNG
(EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
I. Some/Any
Cả some và any đều được dùng để chỉ một số lượng không xác định khi không thể hay không cần phải nêu rõ số lượng chính xác
1. Some: một ít, một vài
* “Some” thường được đặt trong câu khẳng định, trước danh từ đếm được (số nhiều) hoặc danh từ không đếm được.
EX: I want some milk. -
I need some eggs.
* Đôi khi “some” được dùng trong câu hỏi (khi chúng t among chờ câu trả lời là YES. Hoặc được dùng trong câu yêu cầu, lời mời hoặc lời đề nghị.
EX: Did you buy some oranges?
Would you like some more coffee? May I go out for some drink?
2. Any: một ít, một vài
* “Any” thường đặt trước danh từ đếm được (số nhiều) hoặc danh từ không đếm được trong câu phủ định hoặc nghi vấn.
EX: Do you want any sugar? She didn’t see any boys in her class.
* “Any” được dùng trong mệnh đề khẳng định, trước danh từ số ít (đếm được hoặc không đếm được) hoặc sau các từ có nghĩa phủ định (never, hardly, scarely, without….)
EX: I’m free all day. Come and see me any time you like.
He’s lazy. He never does any work
If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
If you need any more money, please let me know.
Notes:
- Khi danh từ đã được xác định, chúng ta có thể dùng some và any không có danh từ theo sau
EX: Tim wanted some milk, but he couldn’t find any.
or If you have no stamps, I will give you some.
-Các đại từ (something, anything, someone, anyone, somebody, anybody, somewhere, anywhere…) được dùng tương tự như cách dùng some, any
EX: I don’t see anything on the table.
Or Is there anybody in your house now?
Or I want to do something to help you.
II. Much, many, a great deal of, a large number of, a lot of, lots of…
EX: I don’t have much time for night clubs.
There are so many people here that I feel tired.
She has got a great deal of homework today.
Did you spend much money for the beautiful cars?
There’s plenty of milk in the fridge.
There are plenty of eggs in the fridge.
A large number of students in this school are good.
I saw lots of flowers in the garden yesterday.
A large amount of air pollution comes from industry.
- Theo nguyên tắc chung, chúng ta dùng many, much trong câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn và dùng a lot of, lots of trong câu khẳng định.
EX: Do you know many people here?
Or We didn’t spend much money for Christmas presents. But we spent a lot of money for the party
Tuy nhiên trong lối văn trang trọng, đôi khi chúng ta có thể dùng many và much trong câu xác định. Và trong lối nói thân mật, a lot of cũng có thể dùng được trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn
Ex: Many students have financial problem
There was much bad driving on the road
I don’t have many/ a lot of friends
Do you eat much/ a lot of fruit?
- Notes:
-Khi trong câu xác định có các từ “very, too, so, as.” thì phải dùng “Much, Many”. (Không được dùng a lot of, lots of, plenty of)
EX: There is too much bad news on TV tonight.
There are too many mistakes in your writing.
There are so many people here that I feel tired.
Very much thường được dùng trong câu khẳng định như một trạng từ, chứ không phải là từ hạn định
Ex: I very much enjoy travelling.
Or Thank you very much
Many of, much of + determiner/ pronoun
Ex: I won’t pass the exam; I’ve missed many of my lessons.
You can’t see much of a country in a week.
III.Few, A few, Little, A little:
1. Few/ A few: dùng trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều.
* FEW: rất ít, hầu như không có (chỉ số lượng rất ít, không nhiều như mong muốn, thường có nghĩa phủ định)
EX: I don’t want to take the trip to Hue because I have few friends there.
They hardly find a job because there are few jobs.
* A few: Một vài, một ít
EX: There are a few empty seats here.
You can see a few houses on the hill.
2. Little/ A little: dùng trước các danh từ không đếm được.
* Little: rất ít, hầu như không có (thường có nghĩa phủ định)
EX: I have very little time for reading.
We had little rain all summer.
* A little: một ít, một chút (thường có nghĩa khẳng định )
EX: I need a little help to move these books.
Would you like a little salt on your vegetables?
NOTES:
- Only a little và only a few có nghĩa phủ định
Ex: We must be quick. We’ve got only a little time (only a little = not much)
Only a few customers have come in (only a few = not many)
- (a) little of/ (a) few of + determiner/ pronoun
Ex: Only a few of the children in this class like math
Could I try a little of your wine?
IV. All, most, some, no, all of, most of, some of, none of:
1.All (tất cả), most (phần lớn, đa số), some (một vài), no (không), được dùng như từ hạn định (determiner):
Ex: All children are fond of candy. Or Most cheese is made from cow’s milk
There are no rooms available Or All classical music sends me to sleep
2. All of, most of, some of, none of: được dùng trước các từ hạn định (a, an, the, my, his, this, …) và các đại từ
Ex: Some of those people are very friendly. Or Most of her friends live abroad.
NOTES:
- Chúng ta có thể bỏ of sau all hoặc half khi of đứng trước từ hạn định (không được bỏ of khi of đứng trước đại từ
Ex: All (of) my friends live in London. But all of them have been to the meeting
Half (of) this money is mine, and half of it is yours
Chúng ta thường không dùng of khi không có từ hạn định (mạo từ hoặc từ sở hữu) đứng trước danh từ. Tuy nhiên trong một vài trường hợp most of cũng có thể được dùng mà không có từ hạn định theo sau, ví dụ như trước các tên riêng và địa danh.
Ex: The Romans conquered most of England
Các cụm danh từ đứng sau all of, most of, some of,… thường xác định (phải có the, these, those,… hoặc các tính từ sở hữu)
Ex: Most of the boys in my class want to choose well-paid job
Chúng ta có thể bỏ danh từ sau all, most, some, none nếu nghĩa đã rõ ràng
Ex: I wanted some cake, but there was none left.
Or The band sang a few songs. Most were old ones, but some were new.
V. Every, each
Thường được dùng trước danh từ đếm được ở số ít
Ex: The police questioned every/ each person in the building.
Or Every/ each room has a number
Trong nhiều trường hợp, every và each có thể được dùng với nghĩa tương tự nhau
Ex: You look more beautiful each/ every time I see you
Tuy nhiên every và each vẫn có sự khác biệt nhau về nghĩa
Every (mỗi, mọi)
Chúng ta dùng every khi chúng ta nghĩ về người hoặc vật như một tổng thể hoặc một nhóm (cùng nghĩa với all)
Ex: Every guest watched as the President came in.
Or I go for a walk every day
Every có thể được dùng để nói về ba hoặc nhiều hơn ba người hoặc vật, thường là một số lượng lớn
Ex: There were cars parked along every street in town
Each (mỗi)
Chúng ta dùng each khi chúng ta nghĩ về người hoặc vật một cách riêng rẽ, từng người hoặc từng vật trong một nhóm
Ex: Each day seemed to pass very slowly
Each có thể được dùng để nói về hai hoặc nhiều hơn hai, thường là một nhóm nhỏ người hoặc vật
Ex: There are four books on the table. Each book was a different colour
Each có thể được dùng một mình hoặc dùng với of (each of + determiner/ pronoun)
Ex: There are six flats. Each has its own entrance.
Or Each of the house has a backyard
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
I- Choose the best answer among A,B,C or D:
1. Thank you for bringing me along. I never thought Shakespeare could be so ___ fun.
A. many B. much C. few D. some
2. You should say ________ and do ________
A. many / few B. much / little C. few / many D. little / much
3. Very ________ people knew about it.
A. few B. less C. much D. little
4. He is a man of _________ words.
A. less B. little C. fewer D. few
5. __________ heard about the book, but _________ read it.
A. Many / few B. Much / little C. Many / little D. Few / Fewer
6. "Do you know English?" - "Just _________ "
A. much B. many C. little D. less
7. She has very ________ knowledge of the matter.
A. few B. little C. some D. many
8. The forces were unequal, they were _________ we were _________
A. many / few B. much / little C. few / much D. little / much
9. We have imported _________ computers this year than last year.
A. few B. less C. fewer D. many
10. There has been _________ demand for computers this year than last year.
A. few B. little C. fewer D. more
11. There are _________ eggs on the table.
A. some B. any C. many D. much
12. Is there _________ cheese on the table?
A. some B. any C. many D. much
13. How _________ cakes does she want?
A. some B. any C. many D. much
14. Peter doesn't want _________ eggs, but he wants some soup.
A. some B. any C. many D. much
15. There is _________ milk in the glass.
A. some B. any C. many D. much
II- Choose the underlined part in each sentence (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting.
16. Many hundred years ago there were many villages and little towns in England.
A B C D
17. TV provides many more entertainment programs as any other kind.
A B C D
18. The rubber farms will make a lot of money and give jobs to a great deal of people.
A B C D
19. The city of Lufkin, Texas, has had much than ten million employeeName=hwd17; HotwordStyle=None; s working for it
A B C D
without pay.
20. He decided to have a holiday in a beautiful place in the mountains where there were
A B C
much streams.
D
21. The decayName=hwd11; HotwordStyle=None; begins in a little crackName=hwd10; HotwordStyle=None; in the enamelName=hwd9; HotwordStyle=None; to coverName=hwd8; HotwordStyle=None; of the tooth.
A B C D
22. I think there are any resources that we have left untapped.
A B C D
23. When life was simple, man's needs were few and he could supply their all.
A B C D
24. Her dark dress reflects a view of life which is many less optimistic.
A B C D
25. The more words you know, the most ideas you can express.
A B C D
26. Most of the words are the same in American and in British English, but the
A B
American people say any English words not like people do in England.
C D
27. In Canada much people speak English because they also came from England many
A B C D
years ago.
28. I haven’t enjoyed myself so many for years.
A B C D
29. We didn't spend many money last month.
A B C D
30. I have few money, not enough to buy groceries.
A B C D
31. You have spent too many time on that homework.
A B C D
32. Where are you going ? - I'm going to buy few bread .
A B C D
33. There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty time.
A B C D
34. This town is not an interesting place to visit, so a little tourists come here.
A B C D
35. He spoke a few English, so it was difficult to communicate with him.
A B C D
III. Fill in the blanks with : much /many/ few/ little/ a few/ a little/ the number of / a large number of/ most .
36. She isn’t very popular. she has _________ friends.
37. Ann is very busy these days. She has _________ free time.
38. Did you take _________ photographs when you were on holiday ?
39. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got _________ to do.
40. This is very modern city. There are _________ old buildings.
41. The weather has been very dry recently. We’ve had _________ rain.
42. Lan: “ Do you know Rome ? ”
Hoa: “ No, I haven’t been there for _________ years ”
43. Do you mind if I ask you _________ questions ?
44. Tom: “ Would you like milk in your coffee/”
Peter: “ Yes,._________”
45. Jean: “ Have you been to Paris ?”
John: “ Yes, I’ve been there _________ times”
46. _________ English learners is becoming greater and greater.
47. _________ people have applied for the job.
48. Did it cost _________ to repair the car?
49. _________ of my friends live in HCM city.
50. He spoke _________ English so it was difficult to communicate with him.
Answer: 36. few 37. little 38. many 39.much 40.few
41. little 42.many 43. a few 44. a little 45. a few
46. the number of 47. a large number of
48. much 49. most 50. little
IV.Choose the best option.
1. The snow was getting quite deep. I had __________ hope of getting home that night.
A. much B. little C. a great deal of D. a little
2. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got_____ patience.
A. some B. few C. little D. all
3. Would you like milk in your coffee? “ Yes, please________”
A. little B. a little C. a few D. some
4. Have you seen _______ good films recently?
- No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.
A. any B. some C. a few D. most of
5. Can I have _______ coffee for my breakfast?
A. any B. few C. little D. some
6. ______ the Vietnamese people make their living by farming.
A. Most B. Most of C. Some of D. Many of
7. Don’t drink ________wine . It’s bad for your health.
A. many B. a few C. so much D. little
8. He had spent________ time writing an essay about his childhood.
A. a large number of B. a great deal of C. a few D. many
9. In spite of the heavy storm, some villagers were planning to rescue the injured climbers,
but ________ refused to do so.
A. many of them B. most of people C. few of farmers D. many of a number
10. The government is________ worried about the increase of the youth unemployment rates.
A. very B. much C. agreat deal of D. no
11. You talk too________ and you often do too________ tricks in class.
A. much / many B. little / much C. little / much D. many / much
12. _________the countries in that area of the world, perhaps Nigeria has the most potential.
A. Of all B. All of C. Most D. A great deal of
13. After doing the shopping, she had got_________.
A. a few money left B. little money left C. some left of money D. several of money left
14. The examination was not very difficult, but it was _________ long.
A. so much B. too much C. very much D. much too
15. Increasing _________ of fruit in the diet may help to reduce the rick of heart disease.
A. the amount B. an amount C. the number D. a number
16. While Southern California is densely populated,_________ live in the northern part of the state.
A. a number of B. many people C. few people D. a few of people
17. Nowadays, due to the increasing unemployment rate, young graduates have _____ opportunities
to find jobs.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
18. ________ of Asian students reject the American view that marriage is a partnership of equals.
A. The majority B. The many C. The number D. A great deal
19. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speed are located in the left hemisphere.
A. mostly of B. most C. almost of D. the most of
20. The__________ boy is very interested in football, but it is actually not good at playing it.
A. most of B. little C. some D. few
21.They knew _________ about him but they said they didn’t.
A. many B. a lot of C. much D. little
22. Although the government has taken certain measures to protect elephants, numerous threats remain for them.
A. too much B. a lot of C. some D. a few
23. The room is almost empty. There are very ________ people there.
A. few B. a few C. some D. several
24. The teacher gave us ________ difficult exercises. We could do only _____ of them and _____
of them couldn’t be done.
A. many / a few / most C. some / one / many
B. a lot of/ a little / some D. a great number of/ one / some
25. We have to delay this course because there are __________ students.
A. a large number of B. few C. some D. many
II. Choose the correct sentence A, B , C or D which is CLOSEST in meaning to each of the following questions.
26. Hardly anybody applied for the job.
A. Nobody applied for the job because it was hard.
B. Anybody found it hard to apply for the job.
C. There were very few applicants for the job
D. Anybody applied hardly for the job.
27. The majority of the students in this college are from overseas.
A. Everyone in this college is from overseas.
B. No one in this college is from overseas.
C. Few students in this college are from overseas.
D. Most of the students in this college are from overseas.
28. The tourists were unharmed after the train crash.
A. All the tourists were injured in the train crash.
B. None of the tourists were injured in the train crash.
C. The train crash was not harmful for the tourists.
D. The tourists were very afraid after the train crash.
29. Had the announcement been made earlier, more people would have attended the lecture.
A. Not many people came to hear the lecture because it was held so late.
B. Since the announcement was not made earlier, fewer people came to hear the lecture.
C. The lecture was held earlier so that more people would attend.
D. Fewer people attended the lecture because of the early announcement.
30. Most of the students ignored what the teacher was saying.
A. The teacher was ignored what she was saying by most of students.
B. The majority of the students ignored the teacher’s saying.
C. Most of the students didn’t listen to the teacher.
D. Few students paid attention to what the teacher was saying.
31. The Prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election.
A. It’s likely that the Prime Minister will call an early general election.
B. The likelihood is that the Prime Minister will call an early general election
C. There is little likelihood of the Prime Minister calling an early general election
D. The likelihood is great that the Prime Minister will cal an early general election
32. Had he known more about the internet, he would have invested in some computer companies
A. Knowing about the internet would help him invest in some computer companies.
B. He didn’t know much about the internet and he didn’t invest in any computer companies
C. Knowing about the internet , he would have invested in some computer companies
D. He would have invested in some computer companies without his knowledge of the internet
33. Some children give a great deal of thought to their future work.
A. Some children think a great deal of their given work.
B. Some children’s future work is given to them.
C. Some children think a great deal of their future work.
D. Some children thought a lot of their future work.
34. They have no knowledge of what to expect when they start their work.
A. They know little about what to expect when they start their work.
B. They don’t have little knowledge of what to expect when they start their work.
C. When they start their work, they think about their knowledge that they expect.
D. They hardly know of what to expect when they start their work.
35. He gave us and his classmates a lot of help in the study.
A. He gave many help to us and his classmates in the study.
B. He helped us and his classmates a lot in the study.
C. He offered much help in the study to us and his classmates.
D. They were given a lot of help in the study by him.
III. Find one word or phrase(A, B, C or D) that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
36. It was disappoiting that almost of the guests left the wedding too early.
A B C D
37. He has a great deal of books most of which are on science and technology.
A B C D
38. John had made several spelling mistake in his assignment so he didn’t get good marks.
A B C D
39. In the early days of the devolopment, cars used a large number of fuel, and now cars are more economical. A B C D
40. A number of the participants in the survey was 250 students for Oxford University.
A B C D
41. He had smoked so a lot of cigarettes that he died of cancer.
A B C D
42. There is only a few food for dinner. I think you should buy some more to eat.
A B C D
43. Although Mary has been inViet nam for 10 months, she knows a little Vietnamese.
A B C D
44. There is too many bad news on TV tonight.
A B C D
45. My friends can’t buy these jackets because they cost too many.
A B C D
46. If either of you take a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.
A B C D
47. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students lost the
A B
opportunities to lease the apartment.
C D
48. Some the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more
A B C D
sunlight than the others.
49. The company has so a little money that it can hardly operate any more.
A B C D
50. Athough the weather was not perfect a bunch of people turned out for the annual parade.
A B C
A. CLOZE TESTS
A cloze test consists a text passage with some certain word removed (cloze text), test taker must replace the missing words from the given options. Usually students are given four choices. One choice is the best answer. The second is almost as good. The third is off the point. The fourth is the opposite of the correct answer.
• First, slowly read all the text without filling any of the gaps. Read it two or three times until you have a clear understanding of what the text is about.
• Then only complete the gaps you are absolutely sure of.
• Next try and find out what the missing words in the remaining gaps are. See which part of speech may fit in each gap (article?, pronoun?, noun?, adverb?, adjective?, preposition?, conjunction?, verb?) and pay special attention to the grammar around the words in each gap.
Many of the gaps may include the following:
- preposition following a noun, adjective or verb. (Example: good at languages)
- prepositional phrase. (Example: in spite of )
- adverb. ( Example: He moved to London two years ago )
- connector. (Example: First, he arrives; then he sits down; finally, he leaves.)
- conjunction. (Example: Although he is five, he can speak five languages.
- auxiliary verb . (Example: He has won 2 matches)
- an article or some other kind of determiner. (Example: I have no time)
- a relative . (Example: Bob, who I met two years ago, is my best friend)
- a pronoun , either subject or object. (Example : it is difficult to know)
- is there a comparative or superlative involved? (Example: she's taller than me)
• Some sentences may seem to be complete and contain gaps that appear to be unnecessary. If you find gaps like this, you will probably need the following:
- an adverb. (Example: He is always late)
- a modal verb . (Example: They can swim very well)
- a word to change the emphasis of the sentence: She's good enough to be queen
- The problems are too difficult
• A few gaps may demand a vocabulary item consistent with the topic of the text; or a word which is part of an idiomatic expression (example: Good heavens!); or a word which collocates with another one (example: do a job); or a word which is part of a phrasal verb (example: I was held up by traffic).
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word or phrase that best fits each of the blank:
PASSAGE 1
Clean freshwater resources are essential for drinking, bathing, cooking, irrigation, industry, and for plant and animal (1) ____. Unfortunately, the global supply of freshwater is (2) ____ unevenly. Chronic water shortages (3) ____ in most ofAfricaand drought is common over much of the globe. The (4) ____ of most freshwater supplies - groundwater (water located below the soil surface), reservoirs, and rivers - are under severe and (5) ____ environmental stress because of overuse, water pollution, and ecosystem degradation. Over 95 percent of urban sewage in (6) ____ countries is (7) ____ untreated into surface waters such as rivers and harbors;
About 65 percent of the global freshwater supply is used in (8) ____ and 25 percent is used in industry. Freshwater (9) ____ therefore requires a reduction in wasteful practices like (10) ____ irrigation, reforms in agriculture and. industry, and strict pollution controls worldwide.
1. A. survive B. survived C. surviving D. survival
2. A. delivered B. distributed C. provided D. given
3. A. exist B. lie C. show D. l:itay
4. A. resources B. springs C. sources D. starting
5. A. increasing B. growing C. climbing D. ascending
6. A. growing B. miserable C. poverty D. developing
7. A. recharged B. discharged C. charged D. discharging
8. A. farming B. planting C. agriculture D. growing
9. A. reservation B. conservation C. preservation D. retention
10. A. ineffective B. illogical C. irrational D. inefficient
PASSAGE 2
Some time ago, scientists began experiments to find out (1)______ it would be possible to set up a “village” under the sea. A special room was built and lowered (2)______ the water of Port Sudan in the Red Sea. For 29 days, five men lived (3)______ a depth of 40 feet. At a (4)______ lower level, another two divers stayed for a week in a smaller “house”. On returning to the surface, the men said that they had experienced no difficulty in breathing and had (5)______ many interesting scientific observations. The captain of the party, Commander Cousteau, spoke of the possibility of (6)______ the seabed. He said that some permanent stations were to be set up under the sea, and some undersea farms would provide food for the growing population of the world.
The divers in both “houses” spent most of their time (7)______ the bottom of the sea. On four occasions, they went down to 360 feet and observed many extraordinary (8)______ of the marine life, some of which had never been seen before. During their stay, Commander Cousteau and his divers reached a depth of 1,000 feet and witnessed a gathering of an immense (9)______ of crabs which numbered, perhaps, hundreds of millions. They also found out that it was (10)______ to move rapidly in the water in a special vessel known as a “diving saucer”.
1. A. which B. what C. how D. whether
2. A. underneath B. into C. down D. below
3. A. in B. at C. on D. from
4. A. any B. more C. much D. some
5. A. made B. exercised C. caught D. done
6. A. implanting B. transplanting C. growing D. cultivating
7. A. inquiring B. exploring C. imploring D. enquiring
8. A. systems B. forms C. breeds D. castes
9. A. pack B. herd C. school D. flock
10. A. able B. possible C. hardly D. capable
PASSAGE 3
Eight out of ten British schools require students to wear school uniforms. Wearing a uniform has been …(1)………as part of British school tradition for a long time, and makes a good …(2)…on people. Some schools have used the idea of school uniform as a
(3)……….to let the students …(4)….themselves by designing their uniform so they could (5)…..a part in deciding what they would wear every day.
The UK government has just …(6)…… the results of a study which showed that many parents actually dread the beginning of the school year because they cannot (7)….to buy their children school uniforms. This is because schools in many areas make arrangements with one local shop so that their uniforms can only be bought there, and this (8)….the shop to increase the prices because it doesn’t have any …(9)… The result of the survey is that pressure will now be put on schools to (10)………with the problem and make sure that uniforms can be bought at reasonable prices.
1. A. regarded B. considered C. thought D. supposed
2. A. effect B. reaction C. recognition D. impression
3. A. opportunity B. ability C. potential D. benefit
4. A. convey B. express C. produce D. identify
5. A. take B. make C. play D. turn
6. A. told B. discovered C. portrayed D. announced
7. A. participate B. allow C. pay D. afford
8. A. suits B. lets C. enables D. manages
9. A. critic B. competition C. consequence D. risk
10. A. affect B. manage C. relate D. deal
PASSAGE 4
Beach volleyball is played by people around the world. For some, it is a serious sport. For others, it is simply an enjoyable ... (1) ....which helps them to .... (2)......fit. It was probably first played in Hawaii in 1915. ... (3)..........., surfers played this game once in a .... (4)........., as they were waiting for the right kind of waves to go surfing. But it soon developed into a more serious game and matchesstarted taking place.. (5)....
Later the game reached California and in 1920, people began playing beach volleyball there. They discovered it was a great way to work .. (6)...and get plenty of...... (7).... air at the same time. Another reason for the game’s .. (8).......was that it was very cheap. Soon, volleyball nets began appearing on beaches in California and interest in the sport.... (9).....
At first, there were six players on each side as in indoor volleyball. But one day in 1930, when only four people turned up for a match, they.. (10)...to play two on each side- which is how we play the game today.
1. A. activity B. athlete C. method D. habit
2. A. make B. do C. keep D. take
3. A. Luckily B. Particularly C. Properly D. Apparently
4. A. time B. day C. while D. week
5. A. regularly B. successfully C. correctly D. probably
6. A. off B. up C. on D. out
7. A. clear B. fresh C. cool D. good
8. A. benefit B. attention C. popularity D. fun
9. A. strengthened B. repeated C. improved D. grew
10. A. considered B. decided C. included D. explained
PASSAGE 5
English is the (1)………important in the world today. A very large (2)………..of people understand and use English in many (3)………….of the world.
Indeed English is a very useful language. If we (4)………English we can go to any place or country we like. We shall not find it hard to (5)………..people understand what we want to say.
English also helps us to learn all kinds of subjects. Hundreds of books are (6)……….in English everyday in many countries to teach people many useful things. (7)……..English language has therefore helped to spread ideas and knowledge to all the corners of the world. There is no subject that cannot be (8)………….in English.
As English is used so much everywhere in the world, it has helped to make the countries in the world more (9)………….The leaders of the world use English to understand one another. The English language has, therefore, helped to spread better understanding and friendship among countries of the world.
Lastly, a person who knows English is respected. It is for all these (10)……that I want to learn English
.
1. A. most B. mostly C. chiefly D. best
2. A. few B. deal C. amount D. number
3. A. countries B. places C. sites D. scenes
4. A. realize B. say C. speak D. tell
5. A. get B. let C. persuade D. make
6. A. published B. wrote C. print D. made
7. A. A B. An C. That D. The
8. A. recognized B. realized C. known D. taught
9. A. friend B. friendly C. friendship D. friendliness
10. A. reasons B. causes C. effects D. results
PASSAGE 6
Nowadays people are more aware that the wildlife all over the world is in danger. Many (1)…….. of animals are threatened, and could easily become extinct if we do not make an effort to(2)………….
There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are (3)………for their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies. Some birds, such as parrots, are caught (4)………….., and sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that their habitat- the place where they live – is (5)…………. More (6)……….is used for farms, for houses or industry, and there are fewer open (7)………than there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help them grow better (8)………….., but these chemicals pollute the environment and (9)…………wildlife. The most successful animal on earth- human being – will soon be the only ones (10)………., unless we can solve this problem.
1. A. species B. series C. kinds D. families
2. A. harm B. protect C. safe D. serve
3. A. extinct B. game C. chased D. hunted
4. A. alive B. for life C. for living D. lively
5. A. exhausting B. disappearing C. departing D. escaping
6. A. earth B. soil C. land D. area
7. A air B. up C. parts D. spaces
8. A. crops B. products C. fields D. herbs
9. A. spoil B. harm C. wound D. wrong
10. A. survived B. over C. left D. missing
PASSAGE 7
Although women now (1)____almost half of all workers in the US, nearly 80 percent of them are employed in low-paying clerical, sales, service, or factory jobs. Approximately a third of all women workers have clerical jobs, which pay(2)____average $12,000 or less. Partly as a result, women make only seventy-five cents for every dollar (3)___by men. (4)_____, men routinely make more money even when education, experience, and responsibilties are (5)___
The gap in male-female earning had great significance because more than 16 percent of US households are (6)_____by women. Low-paying jobs keep many of these households in poverty. Women’s groups such as National Organization for Women have demanded that equal opportunities and equal pay (7)______to women. According to women’s (8)_____Maggie McAnany, “It is imperative that the government help to change the stiation (of employment for women). We cannot wait for the companies to (9)_____themselves. Change must come (10)______the law.”
1. A. made of B. make up C. take up D. take in
2. A. on B. at C. in D. for
3.A. earns B. earning C. to earn D. earned
4. A. Although B. Whatever C. Moreover D. Contrary
5. A. equally B. equality C. equal D. equalizing
6. A. headed B. hosted C. carried D. licensed
7. A. are giving B. are given C. is giving D. be given
8. A. action B. activity C. activist D. active
9. A. restore B. regain C. regard D. reform
10. A. for B. through C. at D. along
PASSAGE 8
If you are invited to someone's house for dinner in the United States, you should (1) _______ a gift, such as a bunch of flowers or a box of chocolates. If you give your host a (2) _______ gift, he/she may open it in front of you. Opening a present in front of the gift-giver is considered (3) _______. It shows that the host is excited about receiving the gift and wants to show his/her (4) ______ to you immediately. (5) _____ the host doesn't like it, he/she will tell a "(6) _____ lie" and say how much they like the gift to prevent the guest from feeling bad. If your host asks you to arrive at a particular time, you should not arrive (7) _______ on time or earlier than the (8) _______ time, because this is considered to be potentially inconvenient and (9) _______ rude, as the host may not be (10) _______.
PASSAGE 9
Interpreting the feelings of other people is not always easy, as we all know, and we (1)……… as much on what they seem to be telling us, as on the actual words they say. Facial (2)……… and tone of voice are obvious ways of showing our reaction to something, and it may well be that we (3)….express views that we are trying to hide. The art of being (4)……… …lies in picking up these signals, realising what the other person is trying to say, and acting so that they are not embarrassed in any way. For example, we may understand that they are in fact (5)… ……..to answer our question, and so we stop pressing them. Body movements in general may also indicate feelings, and interviewers often (6)…… ……particular attention to the way a candicate for a job walks into the room and sits down. However, it is not difficult to present the right kind of appearance while what many employers want to know relates to the candidate’s character traits, and (7)… …..stability. This raises the awkward question of whether job candidates should be asked to complete psychological tests, and the further problem of whether such tests actually produce reliable results. For many people, being asked to take part in such a test would be an objectionable (8)…… ……..into their private lives.
After all, a prospective employer would hardly ask a candidate to run a hundred metres, or expect his or her family doctor to provide (9)……… ….medical information. Quite apart from this problem, can such tests predict whether a person is likely to be a (10)…… ……employee or a valued colleague?
PASSAGE 10
Ask anyone over forty to make a comparison (1)…………………the past and the present and nine out of ten people will tell you that things have been getting (2)……………….worse for as long as they can remember. Take the weather for example, which has been behaving rather strangely lately. Everyone remembers that in their childhood the summers were (3)………………hotter, and that winter always included abundant falls of snow just when the school holidays had started. Of course, the food in those days was far superior too, as nothing was imported and everything was fresh. Unemployment was (4)……………….. , the pound really was worth something, and you could buy a sizeable house even if your means were (5)…………….. And above all, people were somehow better in those days, far more friendly, not inclined to crime or violence, and spent their free time making mordern boats and tending their stamp collections (6)………………. than gazing at the television screen for hours on end. As we know that this picture of the past (7)…………………cannot be true, and there are plenty of statistics dealing with health and prosperity which prove that it is not true, why is it that we all have a (8)………………..to idealize the past? Is this simply nostalgia? Or is it rather that we need to believe in an image of the world which is (9)………………..the opposite of what we see around us? Whichever it is, at least it leaves us with a nagging feeling that the present could be better, and perhaps (10)………………….us to be a little more critical about the way we live.
B. READING COMPREHENSION
For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and skim for that key word (or a related idea) in order in the passage.
For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage.
For overall review questions, the answers are found anywhere in the passage.
SKILL I: ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
SKILL 2: RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
SKILL 3: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
SKILL 4: FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS
SKILL 5: FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
SKILL 6- ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
SKILL 7: ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
SKILL 8: FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES
SKILL 9: DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS
When you are asked to determine the meaning of a long word that you do not know in the reading sec The following chart contains a few word parts that you will need to know.
SKILL 10: USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDS
SKILL 11: USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE WORDS
SKILL 12: DETERMINE WHERE SPECIFIC INFORMATION IS FOUND
SKILL 13: DETERMINE THE TONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE
Read the following passage, and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions:
PASSAGE 1
In the United States, presidential elections are held in years evenly divisible by four (1888, 1900, 1964, etc.). Since 1840, American presidents elected in years ending with zero have died in office, with one exception. William H. Harrison, the man who served the shortest term, died of pneumonia only several weeks after his inauguration.
Abraham Lincoln was one of four presidents who were assassinated. He was elected in 1860, and his untimely death came just five years later. James A. Garfield, a former Union army general from Ohio, was shot during his first year in office (1881) by a man to whom he wouldn't give a job. While in his second term of office (1901), William McKinley, another Ohioan, attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. During the reception, he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of the guests. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas only three years after his election.
Three years after his election in 1920, Warren G, Harding died in office. Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected four times (1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944), the only man to serve so long a term. He had contracted polio in 1921 and eventually died of the illness in 1945.
Ronald Reagan, who was elected in 1980 and reelected four years later, suffered an assassination attempt but did not succumb to the assassin's bullets. He was the first to break the long chain of unfortunate events. Will the candidate in the election of 2020 also be as lucky?
All of the following were election years EXCEPT ________.
A. 1960 B. 1930 C.1888 D.1824
Which president served the shortest term in office?
A. Abraham Lincoln B. Warren G. Harding C. William McKinley D. William H. Harrison
Which of the following is true?
A. All presidents elected in years ending in zero have died in office.
B. Only presidents from Ohio have died in office.
C. Franklin D. Roosevelt completed four terms as president.
D. Four American presidents have been assassinated.
How many presidents elected in years ending in zero since 1840 have died in office?
A. 7 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
The word "inauguration" in the first paragraph means most nearly the same as ________.
A. election B. acceptance speech
C. swearing-in ceremony D. campaign
All of the following presidents were assassinated EXCEPT ________.
A. John F. Kennedy B. Franklin D. Roosevelt
C. Abraham Lincoln D. James A. Garfield
The word "whom" in the second paragraph refers to ________.
A. Garfield B. Garfield's assassin C. a Union army general D. McKinley
The word "assassinated" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ________
A. murdered B. decorated C. honored D. sickened
In the third paragraph, "contracted" is closest in meaning to ________.
A. communicated about B. developed C. agree about D. notified
How long did Warren G, Harding work as a president?
A. 2 years B. 3 years C. 4 years D. 4 years
PASSAGE 2
After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards ceremony. Nobel's original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from $30,000 to $125,000. Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated diploma, and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judges' decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War 11. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes.
The word "foresaw" in the first paragraph is nearest in meaning to ________.
A. prevailed B. postponed C. prevented D. predicted
The Nobel prize was established in order to ________.
A recognize worthwhile contributions to humanity B. resolve political differences
C. honor the inventor of dynamite D. spend money
In which area have Americans received the most awards?
A. Literature B. Peace C. Economics D. Science
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.
A. Awards vary in monetary value
B. ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel's invention
C. Politics plays an important role in selecting the winners
D. A few individuals have won two awards
In how many fields are prizes bestowed?
A. 2 B. 5 C.6 D. 10
It is implied that Nobel's profession was in ________.
A. chemistry B. medicine C. literature D. science
In the first paragraph, "worthwhile" is closest in meaning to ________.
A. economic B. prestigious C. trivial D. valuable
How much money did Nobel leaves for the prizes?
A. $30,000 B. $125,000
C. $155,000 D. from $30,000 to $125,000
What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Alfred Nobel became very rich when he invented dynamite.
B. Alfred Nobel created awards in six categories for contributions to humanity.
C. Alfred Nobel left all of his money to science
D. Alfred Nobel made a lasting contribution to humanity
The word "legacy" in the second paragraph means most nearly the same as ________.
A. legend B. bequest C. prize D. debt
PASSAGE 3
For more than six million American children, coming home after school means coming back to an empty house. Some deal with the situation by watching TV. Some may hide. But all of them have something in commom. They spend part of each day alone. They are called “latchkey children”. They are children who look after themselves while their parents work. And their bad condition has become a subject of concern.
Lynette Long was once the principle of an elementary school. She said, “We had a school rule against wearing jewelry. A lot of kids had chains around their necks with keys attached. I was constantly telling them to put the keys inside the shirts. There were so many keys; it never came to my mind what they meant.” Slowly, she learned that they were house keys.
She and her husband began talking to the children who had keys. They learned of the effect working couples and single parents were having on their children. Fear was the biggest problem faced by children at home alone. One in three latchkey children the Longs talked to reported being frightened. Many had nightmares and were worried about their own safety.
The most common was latchkey children deal with their fears is by hidding. They may hide in a shower stall, under a bed or in a closet. The second is TV. They often turn the volume up. It’s hard to get statistics on latchkey children, the Long have learned. Most parents are slow to admit that they leave their children alone.
1. The phrase “an empty house” in the passage mostly means……..
A. a house with nothing inside B. a house with no people inside
C. a house with too much space D. a house with no furniture
2. One thing that the children in the pasage share is that………
A. They all watch TV. B. They all wear jewelry
C.They spend part of each day alone D. they are from single- parent families.
3.The phrase “ latchkey children” in the pasage means children who……….
A. look after themselves while their parents are not at home
B. close doors with keys and watch TV by themselves
C. are locked inside houses with latches and keys.
D. like to carry latches and keys with them everywhere
4. The main problem of latchkey children is that they……
A. watch too much television during the day
B. are growing in numbers.
C. suffer a lot from being left alone.
D. are also found in middle- class families
5. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Bad condition of latchkey children.
B. Children’s activities at home
C. How kids spend free time
D. Why kids hate going home
6. Why did a lot of kids have chains around their necks with keys attached?
A. Schools didn’t allow them wear jewelry, so they wore keys instead.
B. They would use the keys to enter their houses when they came home
C. The were fully grown and had become independent.
D. They had to use the keys to open school doors.
7. What do latchkey children suffer most from when they are at home alone?
A. Fear B. Tidedness C. Loneliness D. Boredom
8. Lynette Long learned to latchkey children’s problems by….
A. talking to them B. visiting their homes
C. interviewing their parents D. delivering naires
9. What is the most common way for latchkey children to deal with fears?
A. Talking to the Longs B. Hiding somewhere
C. Lying under a TV D. Having a shower
10. It’s difficult to find out the number of latchkey children because……….
A. they hide themselves in shower stalls or under beds
B. they do not give information about themselves for safety reasons
C. there are too many of them in the whole country
D. most parents are reluctant to admit that they leave their children alone
PASSAGE 4
American Online is one of the big names on the Internet, and unlikely many other digital companies, it actually makes a profit. But the company which its rivals call the “Cyber- cockroach” was launched only in 1992. Before that it was a small firm called control Video Corporation, and it made video games. Then Steve Case, a former Pizza Hut marketing executive arrived and took the company online, innovative, fast moving, and user- friendly, American Online appeals to people who want to surf the Internet, but who do not have a lot of experience. For the same reason “ teachies”, people who think the are more expert with computers, look down on American Online and its users. Recently, American Online (or AOL, as it calls itself ) joined with Time Warner- a multi- million- dollar movie and magazine company- to create a multimedia giant.
Now, AOL has begun to expand abroad. In many Europe countries, including the United Kingdom, it is hard to buy a computer magazine that does not have a free AOL introductory offer. The company also puts advertisements onto the television, and employs people to hand out its free introductory disks at places like train stations. As the Internet gets faster AOL is changing. With many homes getting high- speech connections through fiber optic cables or the new ADSL technology, the “Cyber- cockroach” will have to show that, like real cockroaches, it can survive in almost any environment.
1. What is the passage about?
A. A computer company B. A software company
C. An Internet Company D. a video company
2. The word “it” refers to............
A. An American Online B. Cyber- Cockroach
C. Control Video Corporation D. Digital company
3. Who does Steve Case work for?
A. AOL B. Pizza Huts C. Control Video Corporation D. None of these
4. How do “teachies” feel about American Online?
A. They think it is a Cyber- cockroach. B. They think it is for expert
C. They thinlk it is a movie and magazine company. D. They feel superior to its users.
5. American Online has the following characteristics EXCEPT.......
A. innovative B. fast moving C. user- friendly D. experienced
6. People who use American Online are probably.......
A. video game players B. “teachies”
C. movie fans D. people new to the Internet
7. American Online is an unusual digital company because........
A. it used to make video games B. it is innovative
C. it makes money D. it has joined with another company
8. Which marketing idea is not mentioned?
A. Advertisements on the Internet. B. Advertisements on TV
C. Free disks in journals D. people giving disks away
9. What does the articles say about AOL’s future?
A. It will do well B. it will do badly
C. It will face challenges D. The article doesn’t say
10. This passage is about ............
A. technology B. a history of the Internet
C. computer users D. a successful business
PASSAGE 5
In addition to providing energy, fats have other functions in the body. The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are dissolved in fats, as their name implies. Good source of these vitamins have high oil or fat content, and the vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. In the diet, fats cause food to remain longer in the stomach, thus increasing the feeling of fullness for some time after a meal is eaten.
Fats add variety, taste and texture to foods, which accounts for the popularity of fried foods. Fatty deposits in body have an insulating and protective value. The curves of the human female body are due mostly to strategically located fat deposits. Whether a certain amount of fat in the diet is essential to human health is not definitely known. When rats are fed a fat-free diet, their growth eventually ceases, their skin becomes inflamed and scaly and their reproductive systems are damaged. Two fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic acids, prevents these abnormalities and hence are called essential fatty acids. They also required by a number of other animals, but their roles in human beings are debatable. Most nutritionists consider linoleic fatty acid an essential nutrient for humans.
Question 1: The passage probably appears in which of the following?
A. A diet book B. A book on basic nutrition
C. A cook book D. A popular women’s magazine
Question 2: The word “functions” is closest in meaning to .
forms B. needs C. jobs D. sources
Question 3: All of the following vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues EXCEPT_____.
vitamin A B. vitamin D C. vitamin B D. vitamin E
Question 4: The phrase “stored in” is closet in meaning to .
manufactured in B. attached to C. measured by D. accumulated in
Question 5: The author states that fats serve all of the following body functions EXCEPT to_____.
A. promote the feeling of fullness B. insulate and protect the body
C. provide energy D. control weight gain.
Question 6: The word “essential” is closest in meaning to .
required for B. desired for C. similar to D. beneficial to
Question 7: Which of the following is true for rats when they are fed a fat-free diet?
They stop growing B. They have more babies
C. They lose body hair D. They require less care
Question 8:Linoleic fatty acid is mentioned as .
an essential nutrient for humans B. more useful than arachidonic acid
C. prevent weight gain in rats D. a nutrient found in most foods
Question 9: The phrases “abnormalities” refers to .
a condition caused by fried foods.
strategically located fat deposits
curves of the human female body
end of growth, bad skin, and damaged reproductive systems.
Question 10: That humans should all have some fat in our diets is .
a commonly held view B. not yet a proven fact
C. only true for women D. proven to be true by experiments on rats
PASSAGE 6
COLORS AND EMOTIONS
Colors are one of the most exciting experiences in life. I love them, and they are just as important to me as emotions are. Have you ever wondered how the two are so intimately related?
Color directly affects your emotions. Color both reflects the current state of your emotions, and is something that you can use to improve or change your emotions. The color that you choose to wear either reflects your current state of being, or reflects the color or emotion that you need.
The colors that you wear affect you much more than they affect the people around you. Of course they also affect anyone who looks at or sees you, but you are the one saturated with the color all day! I even choose items around me based on their color. In the morning, I choose my clothes based on the color or emotion that I need for the day. So you can consciously use color to control the emotions that you are exposed to, which can help you to feel better.
Colors, sound, and emotions are all vibrations. Emotions are literally energy in motion; they are meant to move and flow. This is the reason why real feelings are the fastest way to get your energy in motion. Also, flowing energy is exactly what creates healthy cells in your body. So, the fastest way to be healthy is to be open to your real feelings. Alternately, the fastest way to create disease is to inhibit your emotions.
Question 1: What is the main idea of the passage?
Colorful clothes can change your mood.
Emotions and colors are closely related to each other.
Colors can help you become healthy.
Colors are one of the most exciting.
Question 2: Which of the following can be affected by color?
Your need for thrills. B. Your friend’s feeling
C. Your appetite. D. Your mood.
Question 3: Who is more influenced by colors you wear?
The people around you are more influenced.
Neither A nor C.
You are more influenced.
Both A and C.
Question 4: According to the passage, what do color, sound, and emotion all have in common?
They all affect the cells of the body.
are all forms of motion.
They are all related to health.
None of the above
Question 5: According to this passage, what creates disease?
Wearing the color black B. Exposing yourself to bright colors
C. Being open to your emotions D. Inhibiting your emotions
Question 6: The word “intimately” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
clearly B. closely C. obviously D. simply
Question 7: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to………
emotions B. people C. colors D. none of the above
Question 8: Why does the author mention that color and emotions are both vibrations?
To show how color can affect energy levels in the body.
Because they both affect how we feel.
To prove the relationship between emotions and color.
Because vibrations make you healthy.
Question 9: The phrase “saturated with” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to……………
A. bored with B. in need of C. covered with D. lacking in
Question 10: What is the purpose of the passage?
To persuade the reader that colors can influence emotions and give a person move energy.
To show that colors are important for a healthy life.
To give an objective account of how colors affect emotions.
To prove the relationship between color and emotion.
PASSAGE 7
May 7, 1840, was the birthday of one of the most famous Russian composers of the nineteenth century Peter Illich Tchaikovsky. The son of a mining inspector, Tchaikovsky studied music as a child and later studied composition at the St. Petersburg Conservatory.
His greatest period of productivity occurred between 1876 and 1890, during which time he enjoyed the patronage of Madame von Meck, a woman he never met, who gave him a living stipend of about $1,000.00 a year. Madame von Meck later terminated her friendship with Tchaikovsky, as well as his living allowance, when she, herself, was facing financial difficulties. It was during the time of Madame von Meck’s patronage, however, that Tchaikovsky created the music for which he is most famous, including the music for the ballets of Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty. Tchaikovsky’s music, well known for its rich melodic and sometimes melancholy passages, was one of the first that brought serious dramatic music to dance. Before this, little attention had been given to the music behind the dance. Tchaikovsky died on November 6, 1893, ostensibly of cholera, though there are now some scholars who argue that he committed suicide.
1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
A. the life and music of Tchaikovsky
B. development of Tchaikovsky’s music for ballets
C. Tchaikovsky’s relationship with Madame Von Meck
D. the cause of Tchaikovsky’s death
2. Tchaikovsky’s father was most probably…………….
A. a musician B. a supervisor C. a composer D. a soldier
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “productivity” in line 4?
A. fertility B. maturity C. affinity D. creativity
4. In line 5, the phrase “enjoyed the patronage of” probably means………….
A. liked the company of B. was mentally attached to
C. was financially dependent upon D. solicited the advice of
5. Which of the following could best replace the word “terminated” in line 6?
A. discontinued B. resolved C. exploited D. hated
6. According to the passage, all of the following describe Madame von Meck EXCEPT
A. She had economic troubles. B. She enjoyed Tchaikovsky’s music.
C. She was generous. D. She was never introduced to Tchaikovsky.
7. According to the passage, for what is Tchaikovsky’s music most well known?
A. its repetitive and monotonous tones B. the ballet-like quality of the music
C. the richness and melodic drama of the music D. its lively, capricious melodies
8. According to the passage, “Swan Lake” and “The Sleeping Beauty” are………..
A. dances B. songs C. operas D. plays
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Tchaikovsky’s influence on ballet music B. Tchaikovsky’s unhappiness leading to suicide
C. the patronage of Madame von Meck D. Tchaikovsky’s productivity in composing
10. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “behind” as used in line 11?
A. in back of B. supporting C. going beyond D. concealing
PASSAGE 8
The peregrine falcon, a predatory bird indigenous to North America, was once in danger of extinction. In the 1960s, scientists discovered byproducts of the pesticide DDT in the birds’ eggs, which caused them to be too soft to survive. The use of the pesticide had been banned in the United States, but the falcons were eating migratory birds from other places where DDT was still used. In order to increase the survival rate, scientists were raising the birds in laboratories and then releasing them into mountainous areas. This practice achieved only moderate success, however, because many of the birds raised in captivity could not survive in the wild.
There is now, however, a new alternative to releases in the wild. A falcon that has been given the name Scarlett chose to make her home on a ledge of the 33rd floor of a Baltimore, Maryland, office building rather than in the wild, and, to the surprise of the scientists, she has managed to live quite well in the city. Following this example, programs have been initiated that release birds like Scarlett into cities rather than into their natural wild habitat. These urban releases are becoming a common way to strengthen the species. Urban homes have several benefits for the birds that wild spots do not. First, there is an abundance of pigeons and small birds as food sources. The peregrine in the city is also protected from its main predator, the great horned owl. Urban release programs have been very successful in reestablishing the peregrine falcons along the East Coast. Although they are still an endangered species, their numbers increased from about 60 nesting pairs in 1975 to about 700 pairs in 1992. In another decade the species may flourish again, this time without human help.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. survival of peregrine falcons B. releases into the wild
C. endangered species D. harmful effects of pesticides
2. In line 1, the phrase “indigenous to” could be best replaced by…………..
A. typical of B. protected by
C. adapted to D. native to
3. The word “byproducts” in line 2 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. derivatives B. proceeds C. chemicals D. elements
4. In line 3, the word “banned” could be best replaced by
A. authorized B. developed C. disseminated D. prohibited
5. Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “rate” as used in line 5?
A. speed B. percentage C. continuation D. behavior
6. Why were the peregrine falcons in danger?
A. because of pesticides used by American farmers
B. because they migrated to countries where their eggs could not survive
C. because they ate birds from other countries where DDT was still used
D. because they were prized by hunters and hunted to near extinction
7. The word “releases” as used in line 8 most probably means……………
A. internment B. regression
C. distribution D. possessions
8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason why a falcon might choose to live in a city?
A. There are high places to nest. B. There are other falcons nearby.
C. There is a lack of predators. D. There is abundant food.
9. As used in line 13, the word “spots” could best be replaced by…………..
A. places B. dilemmas
C. jungles D. materials
10. According to the passage, where have the release programs been the most successful?
A. in office buildings B. on the East Coast
C. in mountainous areas D. in the wild
PASSAGE 9
What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly coincides in its northern portions with the geographic province known as the Great Basin. The Great Basin is hemmed in on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea. The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada. At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carriers is precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains. That which reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture. What little water falls there as rain or snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates on the broad, flat desert floors. It is, therefore, an environment in which organisms battle for survival. Along the rare watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence. In the upland ranges, pinon pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.
But the Great Basin has not always been so arid. Many of its dry, closed depressions were once filled with water. Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were once a string of interconnected lakes. The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great Basin were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former.
There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. Climatic changes during the Ice ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to midlatitude deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin. The broken valleys of the Great Basin provided ready receptacles for this moisture.
1. What is the geographical relationship between the Basin and Range Province and the Great Basin?
A. The Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range Province.
B. The Great Basin is larger than the Basin and Range Province.
C. The Great Basin is in the northern part of the Basin and Range Province.
D. The Great Basin is mountainous; the Basin and Range Province is flat desert.
2. According to the passage, what does the great Basin lack?
A. Snow B. Dry air C. Winds from the west D. Access to the ocean
3. The word 'prevailing' in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. most frequent B. occasional C. gentle D. most dangerous
4. It can be inferred that the climate in the Great Basin is dry because …………..
A. the weather patterns are so turbulent B. the altitude prevents precipitation
C. the winds are not strong enough to carry moisture D. precipitation falls in the nearby mountains
5. The word 'it' in line 5 refers to …………
A. Pacific Ocean B. air C. west D. the Great Basin
6. Why does the author mention cottonwoods and willows in line 11?
A. To demonstrate that certain trees require a lot of water
B. To give examples of trees that are able to survive in a difficult environment
C. To show the beauty of the landscape of the Great Basin
D. To assert that there are more living organisms in the Great Basin than there used to be
7. Why does the author mention Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley in the second paragraph?
A. To explain their geographical formation
B. To give examples of depressions that once contained water
C. To compare the characteristics of the valleys with the characteristics of the lakes
D. To explain what the Great Basin is like today
8. The words 'the former' in line 15 refer to ……………
A. Lake Bonneville B. Lake Lahontan C. The Great Salt Lake D. Pyramid Lake
9. The word 'accumulated' in line 17 is closest in meaning to …………
A. dried B. flooded C. collected D. evaporated
10. According to the passage, the Ice Ages often brought about ………….
A. desert formation B. warmer climates C. broken valleys D. wetter weather
PASSAGE 10
The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher powers.
The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength.
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37-year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.
1. The word 'coin' in line 1 could be replaced by ………….
A. created B. mentioned C. understood D. discovered
2. The word 'intervention' in line 3 can best be replaced by …………
A. need B. device C. influence D. source
3. The word 'it' in line 5 refers to ……..
A. light bulb B. energy C. molecule D. atom
4. Which of the following statements best describes a laser?
A. A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light
B. An atom in a high-energy state
C. A technique for destroying atoms or molecules
D. An instrument for measuring light waves
5. Why was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?
A. He was not concerned with light amplification
B. It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.
C. His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.
D. The laser had already been developed
6. In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT ….
A. stimulated emission B. microwaves C. light amplification D. a maser
7. In approximately what year was the first maser built?
A. 1917 B. 1951 C. 1953 D. 1957
8. The word 'emerged' in line 18 is closest in meaning to ………….
A. increased B. concluded C. succeeded D. appeared
9. The word 'outlining' in line 19 is closest in meaning to ……………
A. assigning B. studying C. checking D. summarizing
10. Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?
A. The researchers' notebooks were lost.
B. Several people were developing the idea at the same time.
C. No one claimed credit for the development until recently.
D. The work is still incomplete.
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CHUYÊN ĐỀ 12
MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES)
MỆNH ĐỀ TRẠNG NGỮ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES)
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
I.Clauses and phrase of concession introduced by although, though, even though, even if, In spite of, despite ... (mệnh đề, cụm chỉ sự nhượng bộ)
Định nghĩa: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ (MĐTNCSNB) là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các từ: “ though”, although” và” even though” (mặc dù, mặc dầu) dùng để chỉ sự tương phản, trái ngược với mệnh đề chính.
EX: They lost the match though / although /even though they played beautifully.
Lưu ý: Although / Even though / Though + clause
= Despite / In spite of + Noun phrase
Ex: Although they are poor, they live happily= Despite their poverty, they live happily
II.Clauses and phrase of reason introduced by as/ because/since (mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân) :
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ nguyên nhân(MĐTNCNNLD) , lý do là mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các từ :”because”, “since” và “as” dùng để giải thích nguyên nhân, lý do cho hành động, sự việc xãy ra ở mệnh đề chính.
+ Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng”because” có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc cuối câu
EX:Because he was sick, he stayed at home yesterday.
Hoặc : He stayed at home yesterday because he was sick.
+Mệnh đề bằng “since” và “as” chỉ được ở đầu câu mà thôi.
EX : Since /As it is raining, I can,t go to school.
Ta không viết được:
Lưu ý: Khi làm bài tập nối các cặp câu sử dụng MĐTNCNNLD, ta phải đảm bảo danh từ luôn luôn đứng trước đại từ.
EX: We don,t help Nam.
We don,t like him.
As we don,t like Nam, we don,t help him. (danh từ “ Nam” đứng trước đại từ “him”)
Because/ Since/As + Clause
= Because of, / Due to/ Thanks to + Noun phrase
Ex: Because she was ill, she didn,t go to class
= Because of her illness, she didn,t go to class
III.Clauses and phrase of result with such/ so.that (mệnh đề, cụm chỉ kết quả)
Clause of result:
S - V + SO + adv/ adj + THAT + S – V (quá đến nổi)
S - V + SUCH + ( a/ an ) + adj + noun + THAT + S - V(quá đến nổi)
S - V + SO MANY ( plural countable noun) / + THAT + S - V
SO MUCH ( uncountable noun )
Phrase of result:
S - V + TOO + adj/ adv + ( for some one ) + TO V (quá đến nổi không thể)
S - V + ENOUGH + noun + ( for some one ) + TO V (đủ để)
Adj/ adv + ENOUGH
IV.Clauses and phrase of purpose expressed by so that, in order that (mệnh đề, cụm chỉ mục đích)
Nghĩa: Để
Cách dùng
Clause: S - V + so that / in order that + S + can/ could/ will/ would + V ( bare – infinitive)
Phrase: ª Khẳng định: S - V + to/ so as to/ in order to + V(bare-inf.)
S - V + in order for some one to + V(bare-inf.)
ª Phủ định: S - V + so as not to/ in order not to + V(bare-inf.)
***HOW TO CHANGE FROM CLAUSES – PHRASES:
Clause: S+V + O (câu)
Phrase: Noun phrase, verb phrase … (cụm)
Cách chuyển một clause à phrase
1.S + BE + ADJ
| | ||
HIS/ HER/ MY + NOUN
( sở hữu) ( Adj-ness)
2
THE + NOUN + BE + ADJ
THE + ADJ + NOUN
3.Khi chủ ngữ ở hai mệnh đề giống nhau
S + V
V-ING
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
EXERCISES FOR ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
I.CLAUSE OF CONCESSION
A. Choose the best answer:
1. ________ having the best qualifications among all the applicants, Justin was not offered the job.
A. Although B. While C. In spite of D. Despite of
2. ________ the internet is very popular, many older people do not know how to use it.
A. However B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. Despite
3. _________ he wasn’t feeling very well, David was determined to take part in the inter-university athletics meet.
A. Although B. While C. Where as D. yet
4. __________ what Megan prepared for the job interview, she didn’t pass it.
A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Though D. However
5. Bruce was not praised_________ he was a hard worker.
A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. no matter how
6. It looks like they are going to succeed_________ their present difficulties.
A. despite B. although C. in spite D. even though
7. Mary usually goes to parties. She likes meeting people and crowded places ________she is rather shy.
A. In spite of B. Even though C. On the contrary D. In other words
8. Ann: Have you decided to get the job?
Terry: Yes, I’ve just decided. I’ll accept that job_________ it is not suitable with my major. It is not an interesting job, ________ the salary is very good.
A. although / but B. despite / and C. but / though D. yet / however
9. ________, he has continued to work on his thesis.
A. Although all these problems B. Even though there are problems
C. Despite of all these problems D. In spite of there are problems
10. In spite of ____________, he was determined to finish his work.
A. was seriously ill. B. be seriously ill C. his serious illness D. he was seriously ill
11. _______ some German and British management styles are similar, there are many differences between them.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. although D. Despite
12. I could not eat _______ I was very hungry.
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. despite of
13. In spite _______, the baseball game was not cancelled.
A. the rain B. of the rain B. it was raining D. there was a rain
14. _______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car.
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although
15. _______, he walked to the station.
A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired
C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired
16. The children slept well despite _______.
A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy
17. She left him _______ she still loved him.
A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite
18. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted.
A. In spite B. Even though C. In spite of D. Despite of
19. _______ they are brothers, they do not look alike.
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of
20. Our new neighbors are quite nice _______ they are sometimes talkative.
A. despite B. in spite of C. though D. as though
21. _______ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain.
A. In spite B. Despite C. But D. Although
22. _____________, he could not finish the job.
A. As hard as he work B. Despite he worked hard
C. Though he worked hard D. Although hard work
23. He went to work _____________ his headache.
A. despite B. although C. because D. because of
24. Despite the fact that _______, we enjoyed our trip.
A. the weather is bad B. it is a bad weather
C. the bad weather D. the weather was bad
25. Julie failed the exam _______ of working very hard.
A. despite B. in spite C. even if D. though
26. Tom went to work despite _______.
A. that he did not feel very well B. of the fact not feeling well
C. he did not feel very well D. not feeling very well
27. Though _______, they are good friends.
A. their sometimes quarrel B. to have a quarrel sometimes
C. they sometimes have a quarrel D. of having a quarrel sometimes
28. Despite _______, we arrived on time.
A. the traffic B. of the traffic
C. there was heavy traffic D. of there was heavy traffic
29. ___________it was very cold, she did not put on her coat.
A. In case B. But C. Even if D. Although
30. __________ rain or snow, there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the football games.
A. Despite B. Although C. Despite of D. Although
31. __________it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
A. If B. Since C. Although D. Because
32. We understood him __________ he spoke very fast.
A. because of B. though C. in spite of D. despite
33. _________ all my warnings, he tried to fix the computer himself.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of
34. Hans finished school __________ his leg injury.
A. because of B. despite C. though D. because
35. I try to do my homework ___________ the noise
A. because of B. although C. despite of D. in spite of
36. ___________ it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.
A. Because of B. Because C. Despite D. Though
37. ___________ having little money, they are happy.
A. Despite B. Because of C. Although D. Because
38. ____________ she was not well, she still went to work.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of
39. We are going to have a picnic _____________ the bad weather.
A. because B. despite C. although D. because of
40. __________ his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
A. Because of B. Because C. Though D. Despite
41. Although the sun was shining, __________.
A. it wasn’t very hot B. it was very hot C. yet it was very hot D. but it was very hot
42. Nowadays, the divorce rate is higher than it used to be________ young people are allowed to decide on their marriage.
A. despite B. but C. even though D. in spite of
43. _________ his poor health, Mr. Brown still works hard to support his family.
A. Despite of B. Despite C. Although D. Because of
44. I gave up the job ________ the attractive salary.
A. because B. because of C. although D. despite
45. _________ my father is old, he still goes jogging.
A. Although B. Because C. So that D. Despite
B. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.
46. In spite her severe pain, she tried to walk to the auditorium to attend the lecture.
A B C D
47. Despite of growing industrial activity, the majority of the American people continued
A B C
to make their living from farming until the beginning of the twentieth century.
D
48. Although our grandfather was old but he could help us.
A B C D
49. He tried to explain, so she refused to listen.
A B C D
50. He decided not to get that job in spite of the salary was low.
A B C D
51. Although the bad traffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time.
A B C D
52. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.
A B C D
53. Though he loves her very much, but he can’t talk to her.
A B C D
54. She always behaves childishly despite she has grown up.
A B C D
55. Although the rise in unemployment, people still seem to be spending more.
A B C D
56. Despite he had a good salary, he was unhappy in his job.
A B C D
57. Although the time of the year, yesterday’s temperature was hot enough to turn on the
A B C D
air conditioning.
58. In spite of the quantity was small, we had enough supplies to finish the experiment.
A B C D
59. However she looks very young, she is twice as old as my-twenty-year old sister.
A B C D
60. Despite of his smiling face, the second place contestant is sadder than the winner.
A B C D
61. Gold was one of the first to be discovered despite it is one of the rarest metals.
A B C D
62. Polar bears rarely kill people in spite they hunt other animals.
A B C D
63. Even though the extremely bad weather in the mountain, the climbers decided not to
A B C
cancel their climb.
D
64. Although the harm of smoking, smokers can’t get rid it.
A B C D
C. Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one.
65. We stayed in that hotel despite the noise.
A. Despite the hotel is noisy, we stayed there.
B. We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it.
C. Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there.
D. Because of the noise, we stayed in the hotel.
66. Young as he is, he has a big fortune.
A. Although he is young, he has a big fortune.
B. He has a big fortune because he is young.
C. He is not only young but also has a big fortune.
D. When he is young, he has a big fortune.
67. Despite the bad weather, people travel by air.
A. Even though the weather is bad, people travel by air.
B. Because the weather is bad, people travel by air.
C. In spite of people travel by air, the weather is bad.
D. Although the bad weather, people travel by air.
68. Although his leg was hurt, he managed to drive a car.
A. His leg was hurt. However, he managed to drive a car.
B. his leg was hurt. But he managed to drive a car.
C. Despite his hurt leg, he managed to drive a car.
D. In spite of the fact that his hurt leg, he managed to drive a car.
69. He was very tired but he kept on working.
A. Despite he was very tired, he kept on working.
B. In spite of he was very tired, he kept on working.
C. Though his tiredness, he kept on working.
D. Although he was very tired, he kept on working.
70. Although she was very old, she looked very grateful.
A. Despite she was very old, she looked very grateful.
B. Despite her old age, she looked very grateful.
C. In spite of very old, she looked very grateful.
D. In spite her being old, she looked very grateful.
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONCESSION
| 1. C | 2. C | 3. A | 4. B | 5. C | 6. A | 7. B | 8. A | 9. B | 10. C |
| 11. C | 12. A | 13. B | 14. D | 15. A | 16. B | 17. B | 18. C | 19. A | 20. C |
| 21. A | 22. C | 23. A | 24. D | 25. B | 26. D | 27. C | 28. A | 29. D | 30. A |
| 31. C | 32. B | 33. D | 34. B | 35. D | 36. D | 37. A | 38. C | 39. B | 40. D |
| 41. A | 42. C | 43. B | 44. D | 45. A | 46. A | 47. A | 48. B | 49. B | 50. B |
| 51. A | 52. A | 53. C | 54. C | 55. A | 56. A | 57. A | 58. A | 59. A | 60. A |
| 61. C | 62. B | 63. A | 64. A | 65. C | 66. A | 67. A | 68. C | 69. D | 70. B |
II.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF REASON
I/ Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete each sentence.
1. he is tired, he can’t work longer.
A. Because B. Even though C. Although D. Besides
2. it was so cold, he went out without an overcoat.
A. If B. Since C. Although D. Because
3. it was late, we decided to take a taxi home.
A. Because B. Since C. Because of D. Although
4. you subtract 7 from 12, you will have 5.
A. Because B. If C. Though D. As
5. We couldn’t reach the house the road was flooded.
A. because B. because of C. if D. though
6. he has a headache, he has to take an aspirin.
A. Because B. Because of C. Although D. In spite of
7. The flight had to be delayed the bad weather.
A. because B. Because of C. despite D. when
8. he comes to the theater with me, I shall go alone.
A. Because of B. Because C. Unless D. When
9. Take a map with you you lose your way.
A. so B. because C. although D. in case
10. rain or snow, there are always more than fifty thousand fans at the football games.
A. Even though B. Because C. Despite D. Because of
11. his illness, he had to cancel the appointment.
A. However B. Despite C. If D. Because of
12. Minh had a terrible headache. , he went to school.
A. However B. But C. Although D. Because
13. Tom has a bike, he always walks to school.
A. but B. because of C. because D. despite
14. My sister will take the plane she dislikes flying.
A. because B. so that C. although D. before
15. We decided to leave the party early it was boring.
A. due to B. because C. but D. and
16. The students arrived late the traffic jam.
A. because B. owing to C. despite D. so
17. he missed the first bus, he came ten minutes late.
A. Since B. Although C. However D. Therefore
18. his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.
A. In spite of B. Because of C. If D. Although
19. It was difficult to deliver the letter the sender had written the wrong address on the envelope.
A. though B. but C. so D. because
20. it rained heavily, I went to school on time.
A. However B. But C. Although D. Because
21. He didn’t answer the questions correctly _______.
A. although he isn’t intelligent B. because he is intelligent
C. in spite of his intelligence D. despite his intelligent
22. ______, I can’t hear what he is saying.
A. Because of the noise B. Because of the soft music
C. Though the music is noise D. In spite of the noise music
23. _____, I feel very refresh.
A. Because I work very hard B. Although I get up early
C. Because of getting up early D. Despite getting up late
24. They live happily ______.
A. because they have no money B. though they are rich
C. in spite of their poverty D. because of their poor
25. He can’t join in the volunteer campaign _______.
A. although he is busy B. because he hurts his legs
C. in spite of working very hard D. because of registering for it
26. Though he drove carefully, he had an accident yesterday.
A. Despite his carelessness, he had an accident yesterday.
B. Despite he drove carefully, he had an accident yesterday.
C. In spite of driving carefully, he had an accident yesterday.
D. In spite of a careful drive, he had an accident yesterday.
27. He was very tired but he kept on working.
A. Despite very tired, he kept on working.
B. Though his tiredness, he kept on working.
C. Although he was very tired, but he kept on working.
D. He kept on working although he was very tired.
28. Although it rained heavily, they went on working.
A. In spite of the rain heavily, they went on working.
B. In spite of the raining heavily, they went on working.
C. Despite the heavy rain, they went on working.
D. Though the fact that it rained heavily, they went on working.
29. Cars cause pollution but people still want them.
A. Because cars cause pollution, people want them.
B. Despite the fact that cars cause pollution, people want them.
C. Cars cause pollution although people want them.
D. Cars cause pollution because people still want them.
30. She was seriously ill but she enjoyed life very much.
A. In spite of her serious illness, she enjoyed life very much.
B. Although she enjoyed life very much, she was seriously ill.
C. She was seriously ill because she enjoyed life very much.
D. Despite seriously ill, she enjoyed life very much.
II/ Choose the underlined part among A, B, C, or D that needs correcting:
31. My friends advised her to stop doing the housework because her old age.
A B C D
32. Because the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines,
A B
women spend less time doing the housework.
C D
33. John didn’t go to work because of he was seriously ill.
A B C D
34. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.
A B C D
35. Peter succeeded in his exam because of he worked hard and methodically.
A B C D
36. Rice plants grow well because the climate is warmly and damp.
A B C D
37. The plane couldn’t take off because the bad weather.
A B C D
38. He couldn’t drive fast owing to the street was crowded and narrow.
A B C D
39. The train was late because the fog is thick.
A B C D
40. Since the difficult test, I couldn’t finish it on time.
A B C D
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF REASON
| 1. A | 2. C | 3. D | 4. B | 5. A | 6. A | 7. B | 8. C | 9. D | 10. C |
| 11. D | 12. A | 13. A | 14. C | 15. B | 16. B | 17. A | 18. A | 19. D | 20. C |
| 21. B | 22. D | 23. D | 24. C | 25. B | 26. C | 27. D | 28. C | 29. B | 30. A |
| 31. C | 32. A | 33. C | 34. A | 35. B | 36. D | 37. D | 38. B | 39. D | 40. A |
III.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT
A.Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct option to fill each of the following blanks.
1. Our seats were _____ far from the stage that we couldn't see the actors and actresses clearly.
A. very B. too C. enough D. so
2. He was _____ he never washed his clothes by himself.
A. too lazy B. so lazy that C. very lazy that D. such lazy that
3. They are _____ young _____ drive the car.
A. so / that B. too / to C. enough / to D. not only / but also
4. It was _____ a boring speech that I felt asleep.
A. such B. so C. very D. too
5. Is there _____ for everyone?
A. food and drink enough B. enough food and drink
C. enough of food and drink D. enough food and drink enough
6. He was _____ he could not continue to work.
A. very tired that B. such tired that C. too tired that D. so tired that
7. John’s eyes were _____ bad that he couldn’t read the number plate of the car in front.
A. such B. too C. so D. very
8. - Why don’t we make a fire? - It’s not cold _____ to make a fire.
A. too B. enough C. such D. much
9. Most of the pupils are _____ to pass the examination.
A. enough good B. good enough C. too good D. very good
10. You can send me a letter if you want to, but your phone call is _____ for me.
A. enough good B. good as enough C. good enough D. good than enough
11. Davis has _____ many patients _____ he is always busy.
A. too / that B. very / until C. such / that D. so / that
12. It was _____ a difficult question that they couldn't explain.
A. so B. such C. very D. too
13. The lesson _____ for me to understand.
A. is very difficult B. too difficult C. difficult too D. is too difficult
14. The tent show is _____ for us to see.
A. enough interesting B. very interesting
C. interesting enough D. interesting
15. They are _____ that they can't buy a bicycle.
A. enough poor B. poor enough C. so poor D. too poor
B. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to show the underlined part that needs correction.
1. These televisions are all too expensive for we to buy at this time.
A B C D
2. Mi has such many things to do that she has no time to go out.
A B C D
3. My brother is too young not to do volunteer work .
A B C D
4. These televisions were so expensive for us to buy at that time.
A B C D
5. That is such an interested story that everybody would like to read it.
A B C D
6. The road is very slippery for us to drive fast.
A B C D
7. The woman was so surprised that she couldn’t say nothing.
A B C D
8. She had so many luggage that there was not enough room in the car for it.
A B C D
9. He had so a difficult exercise that he couldn't do it.
A B C D
10. John had so interesting and creative plans that everyone wanted to work with him.
A B C D
C. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the sentence which is closest in meaning to the given one
1. We couldn’t go out because the weather was so bad.
A. It was so bad a weather that we couldn’t go out.
B. It was such a bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
C. It was so bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
D. It was such bad weather that we couldn’t go out.
2. She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
A. She was very busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
B. She was too busy to answer the phone.
C. She was too busy not to answer the phone.
D. She was very busy so that she couldn’t answer the phone
3. The coffee was too hot for me to drink.
A. The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it
B. The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink.
C. The coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it.
D. The coffee was so hot that I could drink it.
4. If I were taller, I could reach the top shelf.
A. I am not tall enough to reach the top shelf.
B. I am too tall to reach the top shelf.
C. I cannot reach the top shelf because I am very tall.
D. In spite of being tall, I cannot reach the top shelf.
5. It was such a boring speech that we began to yawn.
The speech was very boring that we began to yawn.
It was so a boring speech that we began to yawn.
The speech was too boring that we began to yawn.
The speech was so boring that we began to yawn.
6. It was so late that nothing could be done.
It was too late for nothing to be done.
It was too late for anything to be done.
It was such late that nothing could be done.
It was so late that nothing to be done.
7. This is the first time I have lived in such a friendly neighborhood.
I have lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
I haven’t lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
I had lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
I hadn’t lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
8 The test was so difficult that we couldn’t finish it in two hours.
It was such a difficult test that we couldn’t finish it in two hours.
The test was too difficult for us to finish it in two hours.
The test was not difficult enough for us to finish in two hours.
The test was too difficult for us to finish it in two hour.
9. The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.
A. It was so a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
B. It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
C. The book was so good for me to put it down.
D. The book was so good that I couldn’t put down.
10. Sue is too slow to understand what you might say.
A. Sue is not enough quick to understand what you might say.
B. What you might say, Sue can understand slowly.
C. Sue is so slow to understand what you might say.
D. So slow is Sue that she can’t understand what you might say.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF RESULT
I.
1.D | 2. B | 3. B | 4. A | 5. B | 6. D | 7. C | 8. B | 9. B | 10. C |
11. D | 12. B | 13. D | 14. C | 15. C | 11. D | 12. B | 13. D | 14. C | 15. C |
II.
1. C | 2. A | 3. C | 4. B | 5. B | 6. A | 7. D | 8. A | 9. B | 10. A |
III.
1. D | 2. B | 3. C | 4. A | 5. D | 6. B | 7. B | 8. A | 9. B | 10. D |
IV. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.
1. He chained up the lioness at night___________ could frighten anyone.
A. so that he B. in order that she C. for fear that she D. for her not to
2. The burglar cut the telephone wires____________ call the police.
A. so that he can B. in order that I could C. for fear that I D. for me not to
3. The manufacturers have made the taps of their new gas cooker very stiff _________ young children not to be able to turn them on.
A. so that B. in order that they wanted C. for fear that D. for
4. The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes. He wanted the pedestrians to be across the road.
à The policeman stopped the traffic every few minutes ____________
A. in order that the pedestrians can be across the road.
B. in order to the pedestrians be across the road.
C. so that the pedestrians could be across the road.
D. so the pedestrians could be across the road.
5. I am putting the nets over my strawberry plants_______ the birds can eat all the strawberries.
A. so that B. in order that C. for not D. for fear that
6. We put bars in the lower windows____________ climb in.
A. so that every one could B. in order that no one
C. for fear that no one D. for no one to
7. Turn down the oven. We don’t want the meat to burn while we are out.
Turn down the oven___________________________________________
A. for the meat don’t burn while we are out.
B. not for the meat to burn while we are out.
C. so as to the meat not burn while we are out.
D. so that the meat can’t burn while we are out.
8. He telephoned from a public call-box. He didn’t want the call to be traced to his own address.
He telephoned from a public call-box___________________________________
A. less the call could be traced to his own address.
B. in order that the call to be traced to his own address.
C. so the call can’t be traced to his own address.
D. so that the call could be traced to his own address.
9. We keep the spade in the house. There may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
We keep the spade in the house_______________________________________
A. so that there may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
B. in order to there may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
C. so to be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
D. so there may be a heavy fall of snow in the night.
10. The debate on education has been postponed. The government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
The debate on education has been postponed_____________________________
A. in order that the government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
B. in order to the government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
C. so that the government can discuss the latest crisis.
D. so the government wants to discuss the latest crisis.
11. The ceiling is ______.
A. too high for me to reach B. too tall for me to reach
C. so high for me reaching D. enough high of me to reaching
12. He goes to England_____.
A. so that he learns English B. so that he may learn English
C. so to learn English D. so he learns English
13. It was too late _____.
A. to go for them to the party. B. for them to go to the party.
C. because they go to the party. D. so they go to the party.
14. She hid the present______ _______.
A. so that the children wouldn’t find it B. in order to the children not to find it
C. for the children not find it D. in order that the children not to find it
15. “ I tried to study English well. I wanted to get a good job.” means________.
A. I tried to study English well so that I can get a good job
B. I tried to study English well in order that I can get a good job
C. I tried to study English well to get a good job
D.I try to study English well in order that I can get a good job
16. “They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them.” means _____.
A. They whispered in order to make anyone hear them
B. They whispered so that no one could hear them
C. They whispered to make everyone hear them
D. They whispered in order that make everyone hear them
17. “We preserve natural resources. We can use them in the future.” means_____.
A. We preserve natural resources so that we can use them in the future
B. We preserve natural resources so as to we can use them in the future
C. We preserve natural resources in order to we can use them in the future
D. We preserve natural resources for fear that we can use them in the future
18. The teacher was explaining the lesson slowly and clearly_____.
A. to make his students to understand it
B. in order that his students can understand it
C. so as to that his students could understand it
D. so that his students could understand it
19. I am not _____ a car.
A. rich enough to buy B. too rich enough to buy
C. too poor to buy D. enough rich to buy
20. _______ to go to the cinema.
A. it was late so that B. that it was late C. it was too late D. such too late
21. The piano was too heavy ______.
A. for nobody to move B. for nobody to moving
C. for anyone to move D. for anyone to moving
22. The school boys are in hurry ______ they will not be late for school.
A. so as to B. to C. in order that D. for
23. He turned off the lights before going out _____ waste electricity.
A. so that not B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as not to
24. The film was ______ through.
A. too long for us to see B. very long for us to see it
C. too long for us seeing it D. too long enough for us to see
25. The coffee was _____ to drink.
A. so strong B. strong
C. enough strong D. too strong
26. I bought this new software _____ Chinese.
A. for learning B. learning C. to learn D. learned
27. Mary jogs everyday ______ lose weight.
A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to
28. He was playing very softly_____________ he _____________ disturb anyone.
A. in order that / couldn’t B. so that / can’t C. so that / could D. so/ can
29. I sent him out of the room _________discuss his progress with his headmaster.
A. for B. in order to C. so as D. in order that
30. He fixed a metal ladder to the wall below his window_____ escape if there was a fire.
A. to B. not to C. so as not D. so that
31. The police had barricaded the main street__________ prevent the demonstrators from marching through the town.
A. so as to B. not to C. so as not to D. in order
32. They evacuated everybody from the danger zone_______ they _____ reduce the risk.
A. to/ could B. so that/ couldn’t C. in order that / can D. so that/ could
33. He sent his children to the school__________ get more knowledge.
A. for him to B. to for them C. so as for them to D. so that he could
34. The workmen left red lights near the hole__________ warn motorists.
A. to B. for them not to C. so for them to D. so
35. I am learning skiing at an indoor school________ when I get to Switzerland.
A. to skiing B. to ski C. so as not to ski D. so that I can’t ski
36. Keep my hens in a field surrounded by wire netting_____ I can protect them against the foxes.
A. to B. not to C. so as not to D. so that
37. I am saving up_________ buy a helicopter.
A. due to B. owing to C. so as to D. despite
38. He had the telephone installed in his car_________ his secretary to be able to contact him wherever necessary.
A. so that B. in order that C. so as to D. for
39. We built the roof with a steel slope________ the snow to slide off easily.
A. less B. in order that C. for fear that D. for
40. The notices are written in several languages__________ to understand them.
A. for no one B. every one C. so that every one can D. for every one
| 1.C | 2. D | 3.D | 4. C | 5. D | 6. D | 7. D | 8. A | 9. A | 10. C |
| 11.A | 12. B | 13.B | 14. A | 15. C | 16. B | 17. A | 18. D | 19. A | 20. C |
| 21.A | 22. C | 23.D | 24. A | 25. D | 26. C | 27. B | 28. A | 29. B | 30. A |
| 31.A | 32. D | 33.C | 34. A | 35. B | 36. D | 37. C | 38. D | 39. D | 40. D |
V.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION
PART I: MCQ
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the word or phrase that needs correcting in each sentence below:
If they have time in the weekend, they will come to see us.
A B C D
If we sneak out quietly, nobody notice.
A B C D
If we knew about your problem, we would have helped you.
A B C D
If I am you, I would not buy that dress.
A B C D
We would have arrived earlier if we not missed the bus.
A B C D
Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the question below.
6. If I had time, I _____________ shopping with you.
A. went B. will go C. would go D. would have gone
7. If you ________ English, you will get along with them perfectly.
A. can speak B. had spoken C. speaks D. spoke
8. If they had gone for a walk, they _________ the lights off.
A. had turned B. would have turn C. would have turned D. would turn
9. If she ___________ to see us, we will go to the zoo.
A. came B. come C. comes D. is coming
10. I would have told you, if I ________ him.
A. had meet B. had met C. meet D. met
11. Would you mind if I _________ the window?
A. close B. closing C. had closed D. would close
12. If they _______ me, I wouldn't have said no.
A. had invited B. invited C. invite D. would have invited
13. My friend _______ me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.
A. meets B. will meet C. would have met D. would meet
14. If I ________ it, nobody would do it.
A. did B. didn’t do C. do D. don’t do
15. If my father ________ me up, I'll take the bus home.
A. doesn’t pick B. don’t pick C. not pick D. picks
16. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life _______ complete.
A. will be not B. will not be C. would not be D. would not have been
17. Okay, I ________ the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
A. bought B. buy C. will buy D. would buy
18. She _______ out with you if you had only asked her.
A. will go B. would go C. would had gone D. would have gone
19. If you had tried your best, you _______ disappointed about the result now.
A. won’t be B. wouldn’t be C. wouldn’t have D. wouldn’t have been
20. I would not have read your diary if you ______ it in such an obvious place.
A. didn’t hide B. hadn’t hid C. hadn’t hidden D. not hid
21. If I had enough money, ___________.
A. I will buy that house B. I’d have bought that house
C. I could buy that house D. I can buy that house
22. ___________ if you take a map.
A. You will get lost B. You won’t get lost
C. You would get lost D. You would have got lost
23. We would save thousands of lives if ________________.
A. we found the remedy for the flu B. we had not found the remedy for the flu C. we find the remedy for the flu D. we’ll find the remedy for the flu
24. I won’t accept unless ____________.
A. Tom to apologize B. Tom is apologizing
C. Tom apologizes D. When Tom apologizes
25. I’ll help you if __________________.
A. you told me the truth B. you tell me the truth
C. you will tell me the truth D. you have told me the truth
26. I wouldn’t have got wet ____.
A. if I had an umbrella with me. B. if I had had an umbrella with me
C. Unless I had had an umbrella with me D. in case I had an umbrella with me
27. _____________ , he would not have had the accident yesterday.
A. If Peter driven more carefully B. If had Peter driven more carefully
C. Had Peter driven more carefully D. Unless Peter had driven more carefully
28. I didn’t listen to him and I didn’t succeed.
A. If I listened to him, I would have succeed.
B. If I had listened to him, I’d have succeeded.
C. If I had listened to him, I would succeed.
D. If I listened to him, I would succeed.
29. If he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.
A. Unless he apologizes, then I will never invite him here again.
B. Unless he apologizes, or I will never invite him here again.
C. Unless he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.
D. Unless he apologizes, I will never invite him here again.
30. I have to work tomorrow morning, so I can’t meet you.
A. If I don’t have to work tomorrow morning, I can meet you.
B. If I didn’t have to work tomorrow morning, I would meet you.
C. I could meet you if I don’t have to work tomorrow morning.
D. I can meet you if I didn’t have to work tomorrow morning.
31. Do your homework first and I’ll let you play the computer games.
A. I won’t allow you to do homework when you play the computer games.
B. Let’s play the computer games without doing your homework.
C. You are allowed to play the computer games without doing your homework.
D. Unless you do homework first, I won’t let you play the computer games.
32. I don’t have enough money with me now; otherwise I would buy that coat.
A. If I didn’t have money with me now, I would buy that coat.
B. If I had money with me now, I would buy that coat.
C. If I had money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.
D. If I didn’t have money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.
33. You drink too much coffee, that's why you can't sleep.
A. If you drank less coffee, you would be able to sleep.
B. You drink much coffee and you can sleep.
C. You wouldn’t sleep well if you hadn't drink any coffee.
D. You can sleep better without coffee.
34. Susan felt sick because she got caught in the rain.
A. If Susan got caught in the rain, she would felt sick.
B. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't have felt sick.
C. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't feel sick.
D. Susan got caught in the rain and she still felt sick.
35. He didn't hurry so he missed the plane.
A. If he hurried, he wouldn't miss the plane.
B. If he had hurried, he might catch the plane.
C. If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane.
D. He didn't miss the plane because he hurried.
Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence:
1. I didn’t know that you were in hospital, so I didn’t visit you.
à If _______________________________________
2. Hurry up or you will be late.
à If _______________________________________
3. She is very busy, so she can’t help me now.
à If _______________________________________
4. He didn’t phone me because he didn’t know my phone number.
à If _______________________________________
5. You’re unfit because you don’t take exercise.
à If _______________________________________
6. Unless you are careful, you will cut yourself with that knife.
à If _______________________________________
7. If I have time, I’ll help you.
à Unless _______________________________________
8. He didn't study his lessons very carefully, so he gets bad marks now.
à If _______________________________________
9. Dick often causes accidents because he drives carelessly.
à If _______________________________________
10. I can’t apply for that job because I don’t know English.
à If _______________________________________
11. Susan is overweight because she eats too much chocolate.
à If _______________________________________
12. His father often punishes him for his laziness.
à If _______________________________________
13. Study harder or you'll fail in the next exam.
à If _______________________________________
14. We did not visit the museum because we had no time.
à If _______________________________________
15. Without Jack's help, I wouldn't have been able to move the table.
à If _______________________________________
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF CONDITION
PART I
| 1.B | 2. D | 3.A | 4. A | 5. D | 6. C | 7. A | 8. C | 9. C | 10. B |
| 11.A | 12. A | 13.B | 14. B | 15. A | 16. C | 17. C | 18. D | 19. B | 20. C |
| 21.C | 22. B | 23.A | 24. C | 25. B | 26. B | 27. C | 28. B | 29. D | 30. A |
| 31.D | 32. B | 33.A | 34. B | 35. C |
PART II
1. ² If I had known that you were in hospital, I would have visited you.
2. ² If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.
3. ² If she weren’t very busy, she could help me now.
4. ² If he had known my phone number, he would have phoned me.
5. ² If you took (more) exercise, you would be fit/ wouldn’t be unfit.
6. ² If you are not careful, you’ll cut yourself with that knife.
² If you are careful, you won’t cut yourself with that knife.
7. ² Unless I have time, I won’t help you.
8. ² If he had studied his lessons very carefully, he wouldn’t get bad marks now.
9. ² If Dick drove carefully, he wouldn’t cause accident (often)
10.² If I knew English, I could apply for that job.
11.² If Susan didn’t eat (too) much chocolate, she wouldn’t be overweight.
² If Susan ate less chocolate, she wouldn’t be overweight
12.² If he weren’t lazy, his father wouldn’t punish him (often).
² If he were (more) hard-working, his father wouldn’t punish him (often).
13. ² Unless you study harder, you'll fail in the next exam.
14. ²If we had had time, we would have visited the museum.
15. ² If Jack hadn't helped, I wouldn't have been able to move the table.
VI. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF COMPARISON
I. Choose the word or phrase (A, B, C or D) which best completes each sentence.
1. Of the four dresses, which is _________________expensive?
A. the best B. the most C. the more D. the greater
2. The larger the apartment, the __________________ the rent is.
A. expensive B. more expensive C. expensively D. most expensive
3. The faster we walk, __________________ we will get there.
A. the soonest B. the soon C. the more soon D. the sooner
4. “Why did you buy these oranges?” “They were __________________ I could find”
A. cheapest B. cheapest ones C. the cheapest ones D. the most cheapest
5. She plays the piano __________________ as she sings.
A. as beautifully B. more beautifully C. as beautiful D. the most beautifully
6. The streets are getting more and __________________ these days.
A. crowded B. less crowded C. more crowded D. most crowded
7. The larger the city, __________________the crime rate.
A. highest B. higher C. the highest D. the higher
8. You must explain your problems ________.
A. as clear as you can B. as clearly as you can
C. as clear than you are D. as clearly as you are
9. Nobody in this team plays _________ Tom.
A. as good as B. so well as C. as best as D. as well as
10. Which woman are you going to vote for? –I’m not sure. Everyone says that Joan is _____________.
A. smarter B. the smarter C. more smarter D. more smart
11. Bill is _________________.
A. lazier and lazier B. more and more lazy
C. lazier and more lazy D. more lazy and lazier
12. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere _______________?
A. noisier B. more quiet C. more noisy D. quieter
13. ______the time passes, _____I feel! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it.
A. The faster / the nervous B. The more fast / the nervous
C. The fast / the more nervous D. The faster / the more nervous
14. China is the country with__________________ population.
A. the larger B. the more large C. the largest D. the most large
15. She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting__________________. Finally she exploded.
A. more and more angry B. the more angry
C. angrier and angrier D. the most angry
16. For ___________ it is certain that in the future some things will be very different.
A. the better or the worse B. the good or the bad
C. good or bad D. better or worse
17. Her grandfather’s illness was__________________ we thought at first.
A. more seriously as B. as seriously as
C. more serious than D. as serious than
18. My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed____________ usual.
A. more early than B. as early as C more earlier as D. earlier than
19._______ you study for these exams, _______ you will do.
A. The harder / the better B. The more / the much
C. The hardest / the best D. The more hard / the more good
His house is _______ mine.
A. twice as big as B. as twice big as C. as two times big as D. as big as twice
21. Today English is ____ international of languages.
A. more B. most C. the most D. the more
22. Is this book more interesting ____ the one you read last week?
A. that B. as C. than D. of
23. The teacher speaks English ____ we do.
A. fluently B. more fluently C. most fluently D. more fluently than
24. John is much ____ I thought.
A. strong B. more strong C. stronger than D. more strong than
25. Thank you! That’s ____ gift I have ever received.
A. the nicer B. a nice C. nicest D. the nicest
26. The little boy spoke English ____ his brother.
A. more fast B. fast than C. the fastest D. faster than
27. Sorry we’re late. Your house is much ____ than we thought.
A. far B. the farthest C. the farther D. farther
28. China is the country with the ____ population.
A. larger B. large C. most large D. largest
29. My sister is much ____ than me.
A. pretty B. prettier C. the prettiest D. more prettier
30. Do you feel ____ today than yesterday?
A. well B. good C. best D. better
II. Identify the underlined word that must be changed to make the sentence correct.
31. Nobody is happy than Miss Snow is.
A B C D
32. He needs many more sugar than I do.
A B C D
33. Does Mary feel weller today than she did yesterday?
A B C D
34. It’s becoming hard and harder to find a job.
A B C D
35. The more you have, the most you want.
A B C D
III. Complete the sentences using a comparative form.
1. It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere __________________?
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _________________.
3. My job is a bit boring, sometimes I’d like to do something ________________.
4. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _____.
5. Don’t worry. The situation isn’t so bad. It could be __________________.
IV. Complete the sentences using double comparative form.
It becomes __________________ to find a job. (hard)
That hole in your pullover is getting __________________. (big)
As I waited for my interview, I became __________________. (nervous)
As the day went on, the weather got __________________. (bad)
As the conversation went on, he became __________________. (talkative)
V. Rewrite the following sentences so that their meanings stay the same beginning as shown.
As he grows older, he becomes increasingly cheerful.
The older ________________________________________________
We sit near to the stage. We can see clearly.
The nearer ________________________________________________
I feel miserable when it is hot.
The hotter _________________________________________________
We live far from our house. We miss it very much.
The farther ________________________________________________
As TV programs become more popular, they seem to get worse.
The more _________________________________________________
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF COMPARISON
I, II
| 1. B | 2. B | 3. D | 4. C | 5. A | 6. C | 7. D | 8. B | 9. B | 10. B |
| 11. A | 12. D | 13. D | 14. C | 15. C | 16. D | 17. C | 18. D | 19. A | 20. A |
| 21. C | 22. C | 23. D | 24. C | 25. D | 26. D | 27. D | 28. D | 29. B | 30. D |
| 31. B | 32. A | 33. C | 34. B | 35. C |
III/ 1. quieter 2. stronger 3. more interesting
4. more difficult 5. worse
IV/ 1. harder and harder 2. bigger and bigger 3. more and more nervous
4. worse and worse 5. more and more talkative
V/ 1. The older he grows, the more cheerful he becomes.
2. The nearer we sit to the stage, the more clearly we can see.
3. The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.
4. The farther we live from our house, the more we miss it.
5. The more popular TV programs become, the worse they seem to get.
VII. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER
I. Choose the best option to complete the questions.
1. These students never do anything _________ the teacher shows them.
A. as if B. as C. because D. if
2. When I told her the news she acted _________ it was my fault.
A. as B. although C. as though D. that
3. It sounds _________ it is raining.
A. as if B. even if C. now that D. in case
4. The dog isn’t a child, but they treat it as if it _________ a child.
A. had been B. were C. is D. be
5. Why can’t we live our life _________ we want to live it?
A. how B. as if C. or D. because
6. How can the boss act _________ nothing had happened?
A. if B. as though C. so D. therefore
7. The boss behaved _________ he always does.
A. as if B. like C. in case D. when
8. She acted _________ she were mad.
A. as B. as if C. because D. if
9. We try to work honestly _________ we won’t feel ashamed in any situation.
A. as if B. in order that C. the way D. although
10. I feel _________ I am floating on air.
A. yet B. that C. as if D. if
11. They seem to be really angry. It sounds _________.
A. as if they are having an argument B. they are tired
C. as though they haven’t met for ages D. as they are not friends
12. He is very late. It looks as if he _________.
A. is not coming B. came C. did not come D. had not come
13. _______ former radio-broadcaster and actor, Ronald Reagan is an excellent speaker.
A. Like B. As C. As a D. As if
14. He has lost a lot of weight________ he went on that diet.
A. as if B. since C. even though D. when
15. He acted as if he_________ English perfectly.
A. known B. know C. knew D. is knowing
16. We have bought extra food _________ our guests stay to dinner.
A. when B. in case C. as if D. so that
17. “You can go to the party tonight _________ you are sober when you come home.”
A. as soon as B. as long as C. as if D. as far as
18. You can use my car _________ you drive carefully.
A. as long as B. as C. unless D. until
19. Beautiful _________ the necklace was, we didn’t buy it because we thought it was over-priced.
A. as B. as although C. so D. however
20. I'd ________ the operation unless it is absolutely necessary.
A. rather not have B. not rather had C. rather not to have D. rather not having
21. He looked frightened as if he ________ a ghost.
A. sees B. is seeing C. has seen D. had seen
22. Doctor, I feel as if my head ________ on fire at the moment.
A. is B. were C. had been D. be
23. Everybody was exhausted. It looked as if they ________ hard.
A. had been working B. worked C. were working D. have worked
24. They are making so much noise. It looks as if they ________ a party.
A. are having B. had C. have had D. will have
25. My neighbors always treat us as though we ________ their servants.
A. are B. have been C. were D. would be
26. It is cloudy. It looks as if it .
A. was raining B. is going to rain C. would rain D. had rained
27. It seems _______ those students hadn’t learnt this grammar point before.
A. so that B. as if C. such that D. even though
28. His mother is crying as if she ________ a baby.
A. is B. had been C. were D. was
29. He often acts as if he ________ the Prime Minister
A. will be B. was C. has been D. would be
30. He walks into the furniture as if he ________ blind.
A. is B. were C. had been D. has been
31. Don't look at me _______ it were my fault.
A. as though B. because C. if D. when
32. I don’t like Norma. She talks _______ she knew everything.
A. because B. as if C. although D. if
33. The house is quiet as though nobody ________ at home.
A. were B. has been C. is D. will be
34. The room was very messy as if there ________ a bomb explosion.
A. was B. was having C. had been D. is
35. Don't talk to me as if I ________ a child
A. am B. were C. was D. had been
36. He walks as if he ________ a wooden leg.
A. has B. had C. has had D. is having
II. Identify the underlined part that needs correction .
37. Today it is almost impossible imagining the world as it was before the invention of
A B C
the automobile.
D
38. The old lady dresses as if it is winter even in the summer.
A B C D
39. Angelique walks as though she has studied modelling.
A B C D
40. Betty talked about the contest as if she won the grand prize last month.
A B C D
41. When I saw Helen, she looked as if she saw a ghost.
A B C D
42. He’s always asking me to do things for her as if I don’t have enough to do.
A B C D
43. After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing happened.
A B C D
44. Ann sounded as if she has a cold, didn’t she?
A B C D
III. Rewrite each of the following sentences so that its meaning remained unchanged
45. I had a feeling that I was walking in the air.
àI feel as though ……………………………………………………..
46. He spent his money like a prince.
àHe spent his money as if ……………………………………………………..
47. You speak like a prophet.
àYou speak as though ……………………………………………………..
48. She pretended not to know me.
àShe looked as if she ……………………………………………………..
49. He appears to be running away from your fierce dog.
à It looks as if …………………………………………………………..
50. He doesn’t know how to use a computer.
à He talks as though………..……………………………………………..
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF MANNER
| 1.B | 2. C | 3.A | 4. B | 5. B | 6. B | 7. B | 8. B | 9. B | 10. C |
| 11.A | 12. A | 13.C | 14. A | 15. C | 16. B | 17. B | 18. A | 19. A | 20. A |
| 21.D | 22. B | 23.A | 24. B | 25. C | 26. D | 27. B | 28. C | 29. D | 30. B |
| 31.A | 32. B | 33.A | 34. C | 35. B | 36. B | 37. B | 38. C | 39. C | 40. C |
| 41.C | 42. C | 43.D | 44. B |
45. I feel as though I had been walking in the air.
46. He spent his money as if he were a prince.
47. You speak as though you were a prophet.
48. She looked as if she hadn’t known me.
49. It looks as if he is running away from your fierce dog.
50. He talks as though he knew how to use a computer.
VIII.ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME
I will call you before I ________ over.
A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. came
2. After she graduates, she ________ a job.
A. got B. will get C. had got D. get
3. When I _________ him tomorrow, I will ask him.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. see
4. As soon as it _________ raining, we will leave.
A. stops B. stop C. had stopped D. stopped
5. By the time he comes, we will have already __________.
A. leave B. leaving C. left D. leaves
6. Whenever I ________ her, I say hello.
A. see B. will see C. will have seen D. saw
7. The next time I go to New York, I am going ________ a ballet.
A. seeing B. see C. saw D. to see
8. I will never speak to him again so long as I _______.
A. lives B. will live C. am living D. live
9. By the time Bill ____ to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be ready for sleep.
A. had gone B. will go C. goes D. went
10. As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we ________ out for dinner.
A. went B. will go C. will have gone D. go
11. By the time I return to my country, I _________ away from home for more than three years.
A. would be B. will have been C. will be D. am
12. After he _______ breakfast tomorrow, he will get ready to go to work.
A. will have had B. has C. will be having D. have
13. As soon as he finishes dinner, he _______ the children for a work to a nearby playground.
A. will take B. takes C. will be taking D. took
14. When Bill gets home, his children ___________ in the yard.
A. played B. will play C. will be playing D. play
15. He will work at his desk until he ______ to another meeting in the middle of the afternoon.
A. went B. go C. will go D. goes
16. She ________ lunch by the time we arrived.
A. finished B. has finished C. had finished D. finishing
17. Bob will come soon. When Bob _______, we will see him.
A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. comes
18. I will get home at 5:30. After I get home, I ________ dinner.
A. will have B. will be having C. had D. have
19. As soon as the taxi _________, we will be able to leave for the airport.
A. arrives B. arrive C. will arrive D. arrived
20. I will go to bed after I _________my work.
A. finish B. finished C. will finish D. finishes
21. I ________ here when you arrive tomorrow.
A. am B. had been C. could be D. will be
22. I am going to wait right here until Jessica ________.
A. comes B. will have come C. is coming D. came
23. As soon as the war ________over, there will be great joy throughout the land.
A. are B. will be C. is D. would be
24. Right now the tide is low, but when the tide comes in, the ship ______ the harbor.
A. left B. will leave C. will have left D. leave
25. I am going to start making dinner before my wife ______ home from work today.
A. get B. gets C. will get D. got
Identify the underlined part that needs correction :
26. When it raining, I usually go to school by bus.
A B C D
27. I learned a lot of Japanese while I am in Tokyo.
A B C D
28. I have not been well since I return home.
A B C D
29. I’ll stay here until will you get back.
A B C D
30. When Sam was in New York, he stays with his cousins.
A B C D
31. Last night, I had gone to bed after I had finished my homework.
A B C D
32. I will call you before I will come over.
A B C D
33. Ever since I was a child, I had been afraid of dogs.
A B C D
34. By the time I left my apartment this morning, someone looked for me.
A B C D
35. Whenever Mark will be angry, his nose gets red.
A B C D
36. I had fried chicken when I am at the restaurant.
A B C D
37. The first time that I went to New York, I go to an opera.
A B C D
38. Before I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
A B C D
39. When she will see him tomorrow, she will ask him.
A B C D
40. As I was walking home, it begin to rain.
A B C D
41. We stayed there after we finished our work.
A B C D
42. Once it will stop raining, we will leave.
A B C D
43. I will never speak to him again as long as I will live.
A B C D
44. As soon as the other passengers gets on the bus, we’ll leave.
A B C D
45. As soon as I will finish my report, I’ll call you and we’ll go out to dinner.
A B C D
46. Mark was listening to music after his sister was reading a book.
A B C D
47. Sam hadn’t received the parcel when I speak to him.
A B C D
48. I have been hoping to meet you before I read your first novel.
A B C D
49. By the time you finishes getting ready, we will have missed the train.
A B C D
50. When you will arrive, there will be someone to meet.
A B C D
KEY TO ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME
| 1. A | 2. B | 3. D | 4. A | 5. C | 6. A | 7. D | 8. D | 9. C | 10. B |
| 11. B | 12. B | 13. A | 14. C | 15. D | 16. C | 17. D | 18. A | 19. A | 20. A |
| 21. D | 22. A | 23. C | 24. B | 25. B | 26. B | 27. D | 28. C | 29. D | 30. C |
| 31. B | 32. D | 33. C | 34. D | 35. B | 36. C | 37. C | 38. A | 39. A | 40. C |
| 41. C | 42. B | 43. D | 44. B | 45. B | 46. B | 47. C | 48. C | 49. B | 50. B |
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 13
CÁC TỪ (CỤM TỪ) DIỄN TẢ SỐ LƯỢNG
(EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY)
* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
I. Some/Any
Cả some và any đều được dùng để chỉ một số lượng không xác định khi không thể hay không cần phải nêu rõ số lượng chính xác
1. Some: một ít, một vài
* “Some” thường được đặt trong câu khẳng định, trước danh từ đếm được (số nhiều) hoặc danh từ không đếm được.
EX: I want some milk. -
I need some eggs.
* Đôi khi “some” được dùng trong câu hỏi (khi chúng t among chờ câu trả lời là YES. Hoặc được dùng trong câu yêu cầu, lời mời hoặc lời đề nghị.
EX: Did you buy some oranges?
Would you like some more coffee? May I go out for some drink?
2. Any: một ít, một vài
* “Any” thường đặt trước danh từ đếm được (số nhiều) hoặc danh từ không đếm được trong câu phủ định hoặc nghi vấn.
EX: Do you want any sugar? She didn’t see any boys in her class.
* “Any” được dùng trong mệnh đề khẳng định, trước danh từ số ít (đếm được hoặc không đếm được) hoặc sau các từ có nghĩa phủ định (never, hardly, scarely, without….)
EX: I’m free all day. Come and see me any time you like.
He’s lazy. He never does any work
If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
If you need any more money, please let me know.
Notes:
- Khi danh từ đã được xác định, chúng ta có thể dùng some và any không có danh từ theo sau
EX: Tim wanted some milk, but he couldn’t find any.
or If you have no stamps, I will give you some.
-Các đại từ (something, anything, someone, anyone, somebody, anybody, somewhere, anywhere…) được dùng tương tự như cách dùng some, any
EX: I don’t see anything on the table.
Or Is there anybody in your house now?
Or I want to do something to help you.
II. Much, many, a great deal of, a large number of, a lot of, lots of…
| With countable nouns - many - a large number of - a great number of - plenty of - a lot of - lots of | With uncountable nouns - much - a large amount of - a great deal of - plenty of - a lot of - lots of |
There are so many people here that I feel tired.
She has got a great deal of homework today.
Did you spend much money for the beautiful cars?
There’s plenty of milk in the fridge.
There are plenty of eggs in the fridge.
A large number of students in this school are good.
I saw lots of flowers in the garden yesterday.
A large amount of air pollution comes from industry.
- Theo nguyên tắc chung, chúng ta dùng many, much trong câu phủ định và câu nghi vấn và dùng a lot of, lots of trong câu khẳng định.
EX: Do you know many people here?
Or We didn’t spend much money for Christmas presents. But we spent a lot of money for the party
Tuy nhiên trong lối văn trang trọng, đôi khi chúng ta có thể dùng many và much trong câu xác định. Và trong lối nói thân mật, a lot of cũng có thể dùng được trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn
Ex: Many students have financial problem
There was much bad driving on the road
I don’t have many/ a lot of friends
Do you eat much/ a lot of fruit?
- Notes:
-Khi trong câu xác định có các từ “very, too, so, as.” thì phải dùng “Much, Many”. (Không được dùng a lot of, lots of, plenty of)
EX: There is too much bad news on TV tonight.
There are too many mistakes in your writing.
There are so many people here that I feel tired.
Very much thường được dùng trong câu khẳng định như một trạng từ, chứ không phải là từ hạn định
Ex: I very much enjoy travelling.
Or Thank you very much
Many of, much of + determiner/ pronoun
Ex: I won’t pass the exam; I’ve missed many of my lessons.
You can’t see much of a country in a week.
III.Few, A few, Little, A little:
1. Few/ A few: dùng trước các danh từ đếm được số nhiều.
* FEW: rất ít, hầu như không có (chỉ số lượng rất ít, không nhiều như mong muốn, thường có nghĩa phủ định)
EX: I don’t want to take the trip to Hue because I have few friends there.
They hardly find a job because there are few jobs.
* A few: Một vài, một ít
EX: There are a few empty seats here.
You can see a few houses on the hill.
2. Little/ A little: dùng trước các danh từ không đếm được.
* Little: rất ít, hầu như không có (thường có nghĩa phủ định)
EX: I have very little time for reading.
We had little rain all summer.
* A little: một ít, một chút (thường có nghĩa khẳng định )
EX: I need a little help to move these books.
Would you like a little salt on your vegetables?
NOTES:
- Only a little và only a few có nghĩa phủ định
Ex: We must be quick. We’ve got only a little time (only a little = not much)
Only a few customers have come in (only a few = not many)
- (a) little of/ (a) few of + determiner/ pronoun
Ex: Only a few of the children in this class like math
Could I try a little of your wine?
IV. All, most, some, no, all of, most of, some of, none of:
1.All (tất cả), most (phần lớn, đa số), some (một vài), no (không), được dùng như từ hạn định (determiner):
All/ most/ some/ no (+ adj) + plural noun/ uncountable noun |
There are no rooms available Or All classical music sends me to sleep
2. All of, most of, some of, none of: được dùng trước các từ hạn định (a, an, the, my, his, this, …) và các đại từ
Ex: Some of those people are very friendly. Or Most of her friends live abroad.
NOTES:
- Chúng ta có thể bỏ of sau all hoặc half khi of đứng trước từ hạn định (không được bỏ of khi of đứng trước đại từ
Ex: All (of) my friends live in London. But all of them have been to the meeting
Half (of) this money is mine, and half of it is yours
Chúng ta thường không dùng of khi không có từ hạn định (mạo từ hoặc từ sở hữu) đứng trước danh từ. Tuy nhiên trong một vài trường hợp most of cũng có thể được dùng mà không có từ hạn định theo sau, ví dụ như trước các tên riêng và địa danh.
Ex: The Romans conquered most of England
Các cụm danh từ đứng sau all of, most of, some of,… thường xác định (phải có the, these, those,… hoặc các tính từ sở hữu)
Ex: Most of the boys in my class want to choose well-paid job
Chúng ta có thể bỏ danh từ sau all, most, some, none nếu nghĩa đã rõ ràng
Ex: I wanted some cake, but there was none left.
Or The band sang a few songs. Most were old ones, but some were new.
V. Every, each
Thường được dùng trước danh từ đếm được ở số ít
Ex: The police questioned every/ each person in the building.
Or Every/ each room has a number
Trong nhiều trường hợp, every và each có thể được dùng với nghĩa tương tự nhau
Ex: You look more beautiful each/ every time I see you
Tuy nhiên every và each vẫn có sự khác biệt nhau về nghĩa
Every (mỗi, mọi)
Chúng ta dùng every khi chúng ta nghĩ về người hoặc vật như một tổng thể hoặc một nhóm (cùng nghĩa với all)
Ex: Every guest watched as the President came in.
Or I go for a walk every day
Every có thể được dùng để nói về ba hoặc nhiều hơn ba người hoặc vật, thường là một số lượng lớn
Ex: There were cars parked along every street in town
Each (mỗi)
Chúng ta dùng each khi chúng ta nghĩ về người hoặc vật một cách riêng rẽ, từng người hoặc từng vật trong một nhóm
Ex: Each day seemed to pass very slowly
Each có thể được dùng để nói về hai hoặc nhiều hơn hai, thường là một nhóm nhỏ người hoặc vật
Ex: There are four books on the table. Each book was a different colour
Each có thể được dùng một mình hoặc dùng với of (each of + determiner/ pronoun)
Ex: There are six flats. Each has its own entrance.
Or Each of the house has a backyard
* PHẦN II: BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
I- Choose the best answer among A,B,C or D:
1. Thank you for bringing me along. I never thought Shakespeare could be so ___ fun.
A. many B. much C. few D. some
2. You should say ________ and do ________
A. many / few B. much / little C. few / many D. little / much
3. Very ________ people knew about it.
A. few B. less C. much D. little
4. He is a man of _________ words.
A. less B. little C. fewer D. few
5. __________ heard about the book, but _________ read it.
A. Many / few B. Much / little C. Many / little D. Few / Fewer
6. "Do you know English?" - "Just _________ "
A. much B. many C. little D. less
7. She has very ________ knowledge of the matter.
A. few B. little C. some D. many
8. The forces were unequal, they were _________ we were _________
A. many / few B. much / little C. few / much D. little / much
9. We have imported _________ computers this year than last year.
A. few B. less C. fewer D. many
10. There has been _________ demand for computers this year than last year.
A. few B. little C. fewer D. more
11. There are _________ eggs on the table.
A. some B. any C. many D. much
12. Is there _________ cheese on the table?
A. some B. any C. many D. much
13. How _________ cakes does she want?
A. some B. any C. many D. much
14. Peter doesn't want _________ eggs, but he wants some soup.
A. some B. any C. many D. much
15. There is _________ milk in the glass.
A. some B. any C. many D. much
II- Choose the underlined part in each sentence (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting.
16. Many hundred years ago there were many villages and little towns in England.
A B C D
17. TV provides many more entertainment programs as any other kind.
A B C D
18. The rubber farms will make a lot of money and give jobs to a great deal of people.
A B C D
19. The city of Lufkin, Texas, has had much than ten million employeeName=hwd17; HotwordStyle=None; s working for it
A B C D
without pay.
20. He decided to have a holiday in a beautiful place in the mountains where there were
A B C
much streams.
D
21. The decayName=hwd11; HotwordStyle=None; begins in a little crackName=hwd10; HotwordStyle=None; in the enamelName=hwd9; HotwordStyle=None; to coverName=hwd8; HotwordStyle=None; of the tooth.
A B C D
22. I think there are any resources that we have left untapped.
A B C D
23. When life was simple, man's needs were few and he could supply their all.
A B C D
24. Her dark dress reflects a view of life which is many less optimistic.
A B C D
25. The more words you know, the most ideas you can express.
A B C D
26. Most of the words are the same in American and in British English, but the
A B
American people say any English words not like people do in England.
C D
27. In Canada much people speak English because they also came from England many
A B C D
years ago.
28. I haven’t enjoyed myself so many for years.
A B C D
29. We didn't spend many money last month.
A B C D
30. I have few money, not enough to buy groceries.
A B C D
31. You have spent too many time on that homework.
A B C D
32. Where are you going ? - I'm going to buy few bread .
A B C D
33. There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty time.
A B C D
34. This town is not an interesting place to visit, so a little tourists come here.
A B C D
35. He spoke a few English, so it was difficult to communicate with him.
A B C D
III. Fill in the blanks with : much /many/ few/ little/ a few/ a little/ the number of / a large number of/ most .
36. She isn’t very popular. she has _________ friends.
37. Ann is very busy these days. She has _________ free time.
38. Did you take _________ photographs when you were on holiday ?
39. I’m not very busy today. I haven’t got _________ to do.
40. This is very modern city. There are _________ old buildings.
41. The weather has been very dry recently. We’ve had _________ rain.
42. Lan: “ Do you know Rome ? ”
Hoa: “ No, I haven’t been there for _________ years ”
43. Do you mind if I ask you _________ questions ?
44. Tom: “ Would you like milk in your coffee/”
Peter: “ Yes,._________”
45. Jean: “ Have you been to Paris ?”
John: “ Yes, I’ve been there _________ times”
46. _________ English learners is becoming greater and greater.
47. _________ people have applied for the job.
48. Did it cost _________ to repair the car?
49. _________ of my friends live in HCM city.
50. He spoke _________ English so it was difficult to communicate with him.
KEY TO QUANTITY
| 1. B | 2. D | 3. A | 4. D | 5. A | 6. C | 7. B | 8. A | 9. C | 10. D |
| 11. A | 12. B | 13. C | 14. B | 15. A | 16. C | 17. C | 18. D | 19. C | 20. D |
| 21. C | 22. B | 23. D | 24. D | 25. C | 26. C | 27. B | 28. C | 29. B | 30. B |
| 31. C | 32. D | 33.D | 34. C | 35. A |
Answer: 36. few 37. little 38. many 39.much 40.few
41. little 42.many 43. a few 44. a little 45. a few
46. the number of 47. a large number of
48. much 49. most 50. little
IV.Choose the best option.
1. The snow was getting quite deep. I had __________ hope of getting home that night.
A. much B. little C. a great deal of D. a little
2. I don’t think Jill would be a good teacher. She’s got_____ patience.
A. some B. few C. little D. all
3. Would you like milk in your coffee? “ Yes, please________”
A. little B. a little C. a few D. some
4. Have you seen _______ good films recently?
- No, I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.
A. any B. some C. a few D. most of
5. Can I have _______ coffee for my breakfast?
A. any B. few C. little D. some
6. ______ the Vietnamese people make their living by farming.
A. Most B. Most of C. Some of D. Many of
7. Don’t drink ________wine . It’s bad for your health.
A. many B. a few C. so much D. little
8. He had spent________ time writing an essay about his childhood.
A. a large number of B. a great deal of C. a few D. many
9. In spite of the heavy storm, some villagers were planning to rescue the injured climbers,
but ________ refused to do so.
A. many of them B. most of people C. few of farmers D. many of a number
10. The government is________ worried about the increase of the youth unemployment rates.
A. very B. much C. agreat deal of D. no
11. You talk too________ and you often do too________ tricks in class.
A. much / many B. little / much C. little / much D. many / much
12. _________the countries in that area of the world, perhaps Nigeria has the most potential.
A. Of all B. All of C. Most D. A great deal of
13. After doing the shopping, she had got_________.
A. a few money left B. little money left C. some left of money D. several of money left
14. The examination was not very difficult, but it was _________ long.
A. so much B. too much C. very much D. much too
15. Increasing _________ of fruit in the diet may help to reduce the rick of heart disease.
A. the amount B. an amount C. the number D. a number
16. While Southern California is densely populated,_________ live in the northern part of the state.
A. a number of B. many people C. few people D. a few of people
17. Nowadays, due to the increasing unemployment rate, young graduates have _____ opportunities
to find jobs.
A. little B. a little C. few D. a few
18. ________ of Asian students reject the American view that marriage is a partnership of equals.
A. The majority B. The many C. The number D. A great deal
19. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speed are located in the left hemisphere.
A. mostly of B. most C. almost of D. the most of
20. The__________ boy is very interested in football, but it is actually not good at playing it.
A. most of B. little C. some D. few
21.They knew _________ about him but they said they didn’t.
A. many B. a lot of C. much D. little
22. Although the government has taken certain measures to protect elephants, numerous threats remain for them.
A. too much B. a lot of C. some D. a few
23. The room is almost empty. There are very ________ people there.
A. few B. a few C. some D. several
24. The teacher gave us ________ difficult exercises. We could do only _____ of them and _____
of them couldn’t be done.
A. many / a few / most C. some / one / many
B. a lot of/ a little / some D. a great number of/ one / some
25. We have to delay this course because there are __________ students.
A. a large number of B. few C. some D. many
II. Choose the correct sentence A, B , C or D which is CLOSEST in meaning to each of the following questions.
26. Hardly anybody applied for the job.
A. Nobody applied for the job because it was hard.
B. Anybody found it hard to apply for the job.
C. There were very few applicants for the job
D. Anybody applied hardly for the job.
27. The majority of the students in this college are from overseas.
A. Everyone in this college is from overseas.
B. No one in this college is from overseas.
C. Few students in this college are from overseas.
D. Most of the students in this college are from overseas.
28. The tourists were unharmed after the train crash.
A. All the tourists were injured in the train crash.
B. None of the tourists were injured in the train crash.
C. The train crash was not harmful for the tourists.
D. The tourists were very afraid after the train crash.
29. Had the announcement been made earlier, more people would have attended the lecture.
A. Not many people came to hear the lecture because it was held so late.
B. Since the announcement was not made earlier, fewer people came to hear the lecture.
C. The lecture was held earlier so that more people would attend.
D. Fewer people attended the lecture because of the early announcement.
30. Most of the students ignored what the teacher was saying.
A. The teacher was ignored what she was saying by most of students.
B. The majority of the students ignored the teacher’s saying.
C. Most of the students didn’t listen to the teacher.
D. Few students paid attention to what the teacher was saying.
31. The Prime Minister is unlikely to call an early general election.
A. It’s likely that the Prime Minister will call an early general election.
B. The likelihood is that the Prime Minister will call an early general election
C. There is little likelihood of the Prime Minister calling an early general election
D. The likelihood is great that the Prime Minister will cal an early general election
32. Had he known more about the internet, he would have invested in some computer companies
A. Knowing about the internet would help him invest in some computer companies.
B. He didn’t know much about the internet and he didn’t invest in any computer companies
C. Knowing about the internet , he would have invested in some computer companies
D. He would have invested in some computer companies without his knowledge of the internet
33. Some children give a great deal of thought to their future work.
A. Some children think a great deal of their given work.
B. Some children’s future work is given to them.
C. Some children think a great deal of their future work.
D. Some children thought a lot of their future work.
34. They have no knowledge of what to expect when they start their work.
A. They know little about what to expect when they start their work.
B. They don’t have little knowledge of what to expect when they start their work.
C. When they start their work, they think about their knowledge that they expect.
D. They hardly know of what to expect when they start their work.
35. He gave us and his classmates a lot of help in the study.
A. He gave many help to us and his classmates in the study.
B. He helped us and his classmates a lot in the study.
C. He offered much help in the study to us and his classmates.
D. They were given a lot of help in the study by him.
III. Find one word or phrase(A, B, C or D) that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
36. It was disappoiting that almost of the guests left the wedding too early.
A B C D
37. He has a great deal of books most of which are on science and technology.
A B C D
38. John had made several spelling mistake in his assignment so he didn’t get good marks.
A B C D
39. In the early days of the devolopment, cars used a large number of fuel, and now cars are more economical. A B C D
40. A number of the participants in the survey was 250 students for Oxford University.
A B C D
41. He had smoked so a lot of cigarettes that he died of cancer.
A B C D
42. There is only a few food for dinner. I think you should buy some more to eat.
A B C D
43. Although Mary has been inViet nam for 10 months, she knows a little Vietnamese.
A B C D
44. There is too many bad news on TV tonight.
A B C D
45. My friends can’t buy these jackets because they cost too many.
A B C D
46. If either of you take a vacation now, we will not be able to finish the work.
A B C D
47. Because they had spent too many time considering the new contract, the students lost the
A B
opportunities to lease the apartment.
C D
48. Some the plants in this store require very little care, but this one needs much more
A B C D
sunlight than the others.
49. The company has so a little money that it can hardly operate any more.
A B C D
50. Athough the weather was not perfect a bunch of people turned out for the annual parade.
A B C
CHUYÊN ĐỀ 22
KỸ NĂNG ĐỌC (READING SKILLS)
KỸ NĂNG ĐỌC (READING SKILLS)
A. CLOZE TESTS
A cloze test consists a text passage with some certain word removed (cloze text), test taker must replace the missing words from the given options. Usually students are given four choices. One choice is the best answer. The second is almost as good. The third is off the point. The fourth is the opposite of the correct answer.
• First, slowly read all the text without filling any of the gaps. Read it two or three times until you have a clear understanding of what the text is about.
• Then only complete the gaps you are absolutely sure of.
• Next try and find out what the missing words in the remaining gaps are. See which part of speech may fit in each gap (article?, pronoun?, noun?, adverb?, adjective?, preposition?, conjunction?, verb?) and pay special attention to the grammar around the words in each gap.
Many of the gaps may include the following:
- preposition following a noun, adjective or verb. (Example: good at languages)
- prepositional phrase. (Example: in spite of )
- adverb. ( Example: He moved to London two years ago )
- connector. (Example: First, he arrives; then he sits down; finally, he leaves.)
- conjunction. (Example: Although he is five, he can speak five languages.
- auxiliary verb . (Example: He has won 2 matches)
- an article or some other kind of determiner. (Example: I have no time)
- a relative . (Example: Bob, who I met two years ago, is my best friend)
- a pronoun , either subject or object. (Example : it is difficult to know)
- is there a comparative or superlative involved? (Example: she's taller than me)
• Some sentences may seem to be complete and contain gaps that appear to be unnecessary. If you find gaps like this, you will probably need the following:
- an adverb. (Example: He is always late)
- a modal verb . (Example: They can swim very well)
- a word to change the emphasis of the sentence: She's good enough to be queen
- The problems are too difficult
• A few gaps may demand a vocabulary item consistent with the topic of the text; or a word which is part of an idiomatic expression (example: Good heavens!); or a word which collocates with another one (example: do a job); or a word which is part of a phrasal verb (example: I was held up by traffic).
EXERCISES
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word or phrase that best fits each of the blank:
PASSAGE 1
Clean freshwater resources are essential for drinking, bathing, cooking, irrigation, industry, and for plant and animal (1) ____. Unfortunately, the global supply of freshwater is (2) ____ unevenly. Chronic water shortages (3) ____ in most ofAfricaand drought is common over much of the globe. The (4) ____ of most freshwater supplies - groundwater (water located below the soil surface), reservoirs, and rivers - are under severe and (5) ____ environmental stress because of overuse, water pollution, and ecosystem degradation. Over 95 percent of urban sewage in (6) ____ countries is (7) ____ untreated into surface waters such as rivers and harbors;
About 65 percent of the global freshwater supply is used in (8) ____ and 25 percent is used in industry. Freshwater (9) ____ therefore requires a reduction in wasteful practices like (10) ____ irrigation, reforms in agriculture and. industry, and strict pollution controls worldwide.
1. A. survive B. survived C. surviving D. survival
2. A. delivered B. distributed C. provided D. given
3. A. exist B. lie C. show D. l:itay
4. A. resources B. springs C. sources D. starting
5. A. increasing B. growing C. climbing D. ascending
6. A. growing B. miserable C. poverty D. developing
7. A. recharged B. discharged C. charged D. discharging
8. A. farming B. planting C. agriculture D. growing
9. A. reservation B. conservation C. preservation D. retention
10. A. ineffective B. illogical C. irrational D. inefficient
PASSAGE 2
Some time ago, scientists began experiments to find out (1)______ it would be possible to set up a “village” under the sea. A special room was built and lowered (2)______ the water of Port Sudan in the Red Sea. For 29 days, five men lived (3)______ a depth of 40 feet. At a (4)______ lower level, another two divers stayed for a week in a smaller “house”. On returning to the surface, the men said that they had experienced no difficulty in breathing and had (5)______ many interesting scientific observations. The captain of the party, Commander Cousteau, spoke of the possibility of (6)______ the seabed. He said that some permanent stations were to be set up under the sea, and some undersea farms would provide food for the growing population of the world.
The divers in both “houses” spent most of their time (7)______ the bottom of the sea. On four occasions, they went down to 360 feet and observed many extraordinary (8)______ of the marine life, some of which had never been seen before. During their stay, Commander Cousteau and his divers reached a depth of 1,000 feet and witnessed a gathering of an immense (9)______ of crabs which numbered, perhaps, hundreds of millions. They also found out that it was (10)______ to move rapidly in the water in a special vessel known as a “diving saucer”.
1. A. which B. what C. how D. whether
2. A. underneath B. into C. down D. below
3. A. in B. at C. on D. from
4. A. any B. more C. much D. some
5. A. made B. exercised C. caught D. done
6. A. implanting B. transplanting C. growing D. cultivating
7. A. inquiring B. exploring C. imploring D. enquiring
8. A. systems B. forms C. breeds D. castes
9. A. pack B. herd C. school D. flock
10. A. able B. possible C. hardly D. capable
PASSAGE 3
Eight out of ten British schools require students to wear school uniforms. Wearing a uniform has been …(1)………as part of British school tradition for a long time, and makes a good …(2)…on people. Some schools have used the idea of school uniform as a
(3)……….to let the students …(4)….themselves by designing their uniform so they could (5)…..a part in deciding what they would wear every day.The UK government has just …(6)…… the results of a study which showed that many parents actually dread the beginning of the school year because they cannot (7)….to buy their children school uniforms. This is because schools in many areas make arrangements with one local shop so that their uniforms can only be bought there, and this (8)….the shop to increase the prices because it doesn’t have any …(9)… The result of the survey is that pressure will now be put on schools to (10)………with the problem and make sure that uniforms can be bought at reasonable prices.
1. A. regarded B. considered C. thought D. supposed
2. A. effect B. reaction C. recognition D. impression
3. A. opportunity B. ability C. potential D. benefit
4. A. convey B. express C. produce D. identify
5. A. take B. make C. play D. turn
6. A. told B. discovered C. portrayed D. announced
7. A. participate B. allow C. pay D. afford
8. A. suits B. lets C. enables D. manages
9. A. critic B. competition C. consequence D. risk
10. A. affect B. manage C. relate D. deal
PASSAGE 4
THE HISTORY OF BEACH VOLLEYBALL.
Beach volleyball is played by people around the world. For some, it is a serious sport. For others, it is simply an enjoyable ... (1) ....which helps them to .... (2)......fit. It was probably first played in Hawaii in 1915. ... (3)..........., surfers played this game once in a .... (4)........., as they were waiting for the right kind of waves to go surfing. But it soon developed into a more serious game and matchesstarted taking place.. (5)....
Later the game reached California and in 1920, people began playing beach volleyball there. They discovered it was a great way to work .. (6)...and get plenty of...... (7).... air at the same time. Another reason for the game’s .. (8).......was that it was very cheap. Soon, volleyball nets began appearing on beaches in California and interest in the sport.... (9).....
At first, there were six players on each side as in indoor volleyball. But one day in 1930, when only four people turned up for a match, they.. (10)...to play two on each side- which is how we play the game today.
1. A. activity B. athlete C. method D. habit
2. A. make B. do C. keep D. take
3. A. Luckily B. Particularly C. Properly D. Apparently
4. A. time B. day C. while D. week
5. A. regularly B. successfully C. correctly D. probably
6. A. off B. up C. on D. out
7. A. clear B. fresh C. cool D. good
8. A. benefit B. attention C. popularity D. fun
9. A. strengthened B. repeated C. improved D. grew
10. A. considered B. decided C. included D. explained
PASSAGE 5
English is the (1)………important in the world today. A very large (2)………..of people understand and use English in many (3)………….of the world.
Indeed English is a very useful language. If we (4)………English we can go to any place or country we like. We shall not find it hard to (5)………..people understand what we want to say.
English also helps us to learn all kinds of subjects. Hundreds of books are (6)……….in English everyday in many countries to teach people many useful things. (7)……..English language has therefore helped to spread ideas and knowledge to all the corners of the world. There is no subject that cannot be (8)………….in English.
As English is used so much everywhere in the world, it has helped to make the countries in the world more (9)………….The leaders of the world use English to understand one another. The English language has, therefore, helped to spread better understanding and friendship among countries of the world.
Lastly, a person who knows English is respected. It is for all these (10)……that I want to learn English
.
1. A. most B. mostly C. chiefly D. best
2. A. few B. deal C. amount D. number
3. A. countries B. places C. sites D. scenes
4. A. realize B. say C. speak D. tell
5. A. get B. let C. persuade D. make
6. A. published B. wrote C. print D. made
7. A. A B. An C. That D. The
8. A. recognized B. realized C. known D. taught
9. A. friend B. friendly C. friendship D. friendliness
10. A. reasons B. causes C. effects D. results
PASSAGE 6
Nowadays people are more aware that the wildlife all over the world is in danger. Many (1)…….. of animals are threatened, and could easily become extinct if we do not make an effort to(2)………….
There are many reasons for this. In some cases, animals are (3)………for their fur or for other valuable parts of their bodies. Some birds, such as parrots, are caught (4)………….., and sold as pets. For many animals and birds, the problem is that their habitat- the place where they live – is (5)…………. More (6)……….is used for farms, for houses or industry, and there are fewer open (7)………than there once were. Farmers use powerful chemicals to help them grow better (8)………….., but these chemicals pollute the environment and (9)…………wildlife. The most successful animal on earth- human being – will soon be the only ones (10)………., unless we can solve this problem.
1. A. species B. series C. kinds D. families
2. A. harm B. protect C. safe D. serve
3. A. extinct B. game C. chased D. hunted
4. A. alive B. for life C. for living D. lively
5. A. exhausting B. disappearing C. departing D. escaping
6. A. earth B. soil C. land D. area
7. A air B. up C. parts D. spaces
8. A. crops B. products C. fields D. herbs
9. A. spoil B. harm C. wound D. wrong
10. A. survived B. over C. left D. missing
PASSAGE 7
Although women now (1)____almost half of all workers in the US, nearly 80 percent of them are employed in low-paying clerical, sales, service, or factory jobs. Approximately a third of all women workers have clerical jobs, which pay(2)____average $12,000 or less. Partly as a result, women make only seventy-five cents for every dollar (3)___by men. (4)_____, men routinely make more money even when education, experience, and responsibilties are (5)___
The gap in male-female earning had great significance because more than 16 percent of US households are (6)_____by women. Low-paying jobs keep many of these households in poverty. Women’s groups such as National Organization for Women have demanded that equal opportunities and equal pay (7)______to women. According to women’s (8)_____Maggie McAnany, “It is imperative that the government help to change the stiation (of employment for women). We cannot wait for the companies to (9)_____themselves. Change must come (10)______the law.”
1. A. made of B. make up C. take up D. take in
2. A. on B. at C. in D. for
3.A. earns B. earning C. to earn D. earned
4. A. Although B. Whatever C. Moreover D. Contrary
5. A. equally B. equality C. equal D. equalizing
6. A. headed B. hosted C. carried D. licensed
7. A. are giving B. are given C. is giving D. be given
8. A. action B. activity C. activist D. active
9. A. restore B. regain C. regard D. reform
10. A. for B. through C. at D. along
PASSAGE 8
If you are invited to someone's house for dinner in the United States, you should (1) _______ a gift, such as a bunch of flowers or a box of chocolates. If you give your host a (2) _______ gift, he/she may open it in front of you. Opening a present in front of the gift-giver is considered (3) _______. It shows that the host is excited about receiving the gift and wants to show his/her (4) ______ to you immediately. (5) _____ the host doesn't like it, he/she will tell a "(6) _____ lie" and say how much they like the gift to prevent the guest from feeling bad. If your host asks you to arrive at a particular time, you should not arrive (7) _______ on time or earlier than the (8) _______ time, because this is considered to be potentially inconvenient and (9) _______ rude, as the host may not be (10) _______.
| 1. A. take | B give | C. bring | D. make |
| 2. A. unwanted | B valuable | C. unpacked | D. wrapped |
| 3. A. rude | B. polite | C. impolite | D. funny |
| 4. A. appreciation | B. admiration | C. respect | D. enjoyment |
| 5. A. Since | B. Only if | C. Even if | D. Whether |
| 6. A. great | B. obvious | C. deliberate | D. white |
| 7. A. gradually | B. exactly | C. perfectly | D. recently |
| 8. A. expected | B. permitted | C. waited | D. wasted |
| 9. A. however | B. never | C. therefore | D. consequently |
| 10.A. willing | B. ready | C. welcome | D. waiting |
PASSAGE 9
Interpreting the feelings of other people is not always easy, as we all know, and we (1)……… as much on what they seem to be telling us, as on the actual words they say. Facial (2)……… and tone of voice are obvious ways of showing our reaction to something, and it may well be that we (3)….express views that we are trying to hide. The art of being (4)……… …lies in picking up these signals, realising what the other person is trying to say, and acting so that they are not embarrassed in any way. For example, we may understand that they are in fact (5)… ……..to answer our question, and so we stop pressing them. Body movements in general may also indicate feelings, and interviewers often (6)…… ……particular attention to the way a candicate for a job walks into the room and sits down. However, it is not difficult to present the right kind of appearance while what many employers want to know relates to the candidate’s character traits, and (7)… …..stability. This raises the awkward question of whether job candidates should be asked to complete psychological tests, and the further problem of whether such tests actually produce reliable results. For many people, being asked to take part in such a test would be an objectionable (8)…… ……..into their private lives.
After all, a prospective employer would hardly ask a candidate to run a hundred metres, or expect his or her family doctor to provide (9)……… ….medical information. Quite apart from this problem, can such tests predict whether a person is likely to be a (10)…… ……employee or a valued colleague?
| 1. A. estimate | B. rely | C. reckon | D. trust |
| 2. A. looks | B. expression | C. image | D. manner |
| 3. A. unconsciously | B. rarely | C. unaware | D. cannot |
| 4. A. good at | B. humble | C. tactful | D. successful |
| 5. A. reluctant | B. used | C. tending | D. hesitant |
| 6. A. set | B. again | C. in | D. pay |
| 7. A. similar | B. physical | C. psychological | D. relevant |
| 8. A. invation | B. intrusion | C. infringement | D. interference |
| 9. A. classified | B. secretive | C. reticent | D. confidential |
| 10. A. thorough | B. particular | C. labourious | D. conscientious |
PASSAGE 10
Ask anyone over forty to make a comparison (1)…………………the past and the present and nine out of ten people will tell you that things have been getting (2)……………….worse for as long as they can remember. Take the weather for example, which has been behaving rather strangely lately. Everyone remembers that in their childhood the summers were (3)………………hotter, and that winter always included abundant falls of snow just when the school holidays had started. Of course, the food in those days was far superior too, as nothing was imported and everything was fresh. Unemployment was (4)……………….. , the pound really was worth something, and you could buy a sizeable house even if your means were (5)…………….. And above all, people were somehow better in those days, far more friendly, not inclined to crime or violence, and spent their free time making mordern boats and tending their stamp collections (6)………………. than gazing at the television screen for hours on end. As we know that this picture of the past (7)…………………cannot be true, and there are plenty of statistics dealing with health and prosperity which prove that it is not true, why is it that we all have a (8)………………..to idealize the past? Is this simply nostalgia? Or is it rather that we need to believe in an image of the world which is (9)………………..the opposite of what we see around us? Whichever it is, at least it leaves us with a nagging feeling that the present could be better, and perhaps (10)………………….us to be a little more critical about the way we live.
| 1. A. with | B. from | C. between | D. in |
| 2. A. out | B. so | C. virtually | D. steadily |
| 3. A. not only | B. at least | C. rarely | D. considerably |
| 4. A. petty | B. negligible | C. miniature | D. trivial |
| 5. A. mediocre | B. confined | C. rationed | D. limited |
| 6. A. other | B. rather | C. usually | D. different |
| 7. A. simly | B. hardly | C. especially | D. specifically |
| 8. A. habit | B. custom | C. tendency | D. practice |
| 9. A. quite | B. widely | C. utterly | D. rather |
| 10. A. reassures | B. encourages | C. makes | D. supports |
B. READING COMPREHENSION
STRATEGIES FOR THE READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS.
- Skim the reading passage to determine the main idea and the overall organization od ideas in the passage. You do not neeed to understand every detail in each passage to answer the questions correctly. It is therefore a waste of time to read the passage with the intent of understanding every single detail before you try to answer the questions.
- Look ahead at the questions to determine what types of questions you must answer. Each type of questions is answered in a different way.
- Find the section of the passage that deals with each question. The question type tells you exactly where to look in the passage to find correct answers.
For directly and indirectly answered detail questions, choose a key word in the question, and skim for that key word (or a related idea) in order in the passage.
For vocabulary questions, the question will tell you where the word is located in the passage.
For overall review questions, the answers are found anywhere in the passage.
- Read the part of the passage that contains the answer carefully. The answer will probably in the same sentence (or one sentence before or after) thekey word or idea.
- Choose the best answer to each question from the four answer choices listed. You can choose the best answer according to what is given in the appropriate section of thepassage, eliminate definitely wrong answer, and mark your best guess on the answer sheet.
SKILL I: ANSWER MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
MAIN IDEA QUESTIONS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | What is the topic of the passage? What is the subject of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? What is the author’s main point in the passage? With what is the author primarily concerned? Which of the following would be the best title? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answers to this type of question can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of each paragraph. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 2: RECOGNIZE THE ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS
ORGANIZATION OF IDEAS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | How is the information in the passage organized? How is the information in the second paragraph related to the information in the first paragraph? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answer to this type of question can generally be determined by looking at the first sentence of the appropriate paragraphs |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 3: ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | According to the passage… It is stated in the passage… The passage indicates that… Which of the following is true..? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answers to these questions are found in the passage. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 4: FIND “UNSTATED” DETAILS
“UNSTATED” DETAIL QUESTIONS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | Which of the following is not stated…? Which of the following is not mentioned…? Which of the following is not discussed…? All of the following are true except… |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answers to these questions are found in order in the passage. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 5: FIND PRONOUN REFERENTS
PRONOUN REFERENTS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | The pronoun “…” in line X refers to which of the following? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The line where the pronoun is located is given in the question. The noun that the pronoun refers to is generally found before the pronoun. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 6- ANSWER IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
IMPLIED DETAIL QUESTIONS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | It is implied in the passage that ….. It can be inferred from the passage that …. It is most likely that …. What probably happened ….? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answers to these questions are generally found in order in the passage. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 7: ANSWER TRANSITION QUESTIONS CORRECTLY
TRANSITION QUESTIONS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | The paragraph preceding the passage probably … What is the most likely in the paragraph following the passage? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answers can generally be found in the first line of the passage for a preceding question. The answer can generally be found in the last line for a following question. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 8: FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES
STRUCTURAL CLUES | ||
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | What is the meaning of “X” in line Y? The word “X” in line Y is closest in meaning to… The word “X” in line Y could best to replaced by… | |
| TYPES OF CLUES | Punctuation | comma, parentheses, dashes |
| Restatement | or, that is, in other words, i.e. | |
| Examples | such as, for example, e.g. | |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | Information to help you determine what something means will generally be found the punctuation clue, the restatement clue, or the example clue. | |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 9: DETERMINE MEANINGS FROM WORD PARTS
When you are asked to determine the meaning of a long word that you do not know in the reading sec The following chart contains a few word parts that you will need to know.
A SHORT LIST OF WORD PARTS | |||||
| PART | MEANING | EXAMPLE | PART | MEANING | EXAMPLE |
| CONTRA | (against) | contrast | DIC | (say) | dictate |
| MAL | (bad) | malcontent | DOMIN | (master) | dominant |
| MIS | (error) | mistake | JUD | (judge) | judgment |
| SUB | (under) | subway | MOR | (death) | mortal |
| DEC | (ten) | decade | SPEC | (see) | spectator |
| MULTI | (many) | multiple | TERR | (earth) | territory |
| SOL | (one) | solo | VER | (turn) | divert |
| TRI | (three) | triple | VIV | (live) | revive |
SKILL 10: USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF DIFFICULT WORDS
VOCABULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING DIFFICULT WORDS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | What is the meaning of “X” in line Y? The word “X” in line Y is closest in meaning to…. |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | Information to help you understand the meaning of an unknown word can often be found in the context surrounding the unknown word. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
SKILL 11: USE CONTEXT TO DETERMINE MEANINGS OF SIMPLE WORDS
VOCABULARY QUESTIONS CONTAINING SIMPLE WORDS | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | What is the meaning of “X” in line Y? The word “X” in line Y could best to replaced by…. |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | Information to help you understand the secondary meaning of a simple word can often be found in the context surrounding the word. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
QUESTIONS ABOUT WHERE IN THE PASSAGE | |
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | Where in the passage…..? |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | The answer can be in any of the lines listed in the answers to the question. |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION |
|
TONE, PURPOSE, OR COURSE | ||
| HOW TO IDENTIFY THE QUESTION | What is the tone of the passage? What is the author’s purpose in this passage? In which course would this reading be assigned | |
| WHERE TO FIND THE ANSWER | tone | Look for clues throughout the passage that show if the author is showing some emotion rather than just pressing facts. |
| purpose | Draw a conclusion about the purpose from the main idea and supporting ideas. | |
| course | Draw a conclusion about the course from the topic of the passage and the supporting ideas. | |
| HOW TO ANSWER THE QUESTION | Tone |
|
| Purpose |
| |
| course |
|
EXERCISES
Read the following passage, and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions:
PASSAGE 1
In the United States, presidential elections are held in years evenly divisible by four (1888, 1900, 1964, etc.). Since 1840, American presidents elected in years ending with zero have died in office, with one exception. William H. Harrison, the man who served the shortest term, died of pneumonia only several weeks after his inauguration.
Abraham Lincoln was one of four presidents who were assassinated. He was elected in 1860, and his untimely death came just five years later. James A. Garfield, a former Union army general from Ohio, was shot during his first year in office (1881) by a man to whom he wouldn't give a job. While in his second term of office (1901), William McKinley, another Ohioan, attended the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. During the reception, he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of the guests. John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963 in Dallas only three years after his election.
Three years after his election in 1920, Warren G, Harding died in office. Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected four times (1932, 1936, 1940 and 1944), the only man to serve so long a term. He had contracted polio in 1921 and eventually died of the illness in 1945.
Ronald Reagan, who was elected in 1980 and reelected four years later, suffered an assassination attempt but did not succumb to the assassin's bullets. He was the first to break the long chain of unfortunate events. Will the candidate in the election of 2020 also be as lucky?
All of the following were election years EXCEPT ________.
A. 1960 B. 1930 C.1888 D.1824
Which president served the shortest term in office?
A. Abraham Lincoln B. Warren G. Harding C. William McKinley D. William H. Harrison
Which of the following is true?
A. All presidents elected in years ending in zero have died in office.
B. Only presidents from Ohio have died in office.
C. Franklin D. Roosevelt completed four terms as president.
D. Four American presidents have been assassinated.
How many presidents elected in years ending in zero since 1840 have died in office?
A. 7 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3
The word "inauguration" in the first paragraph means most nearly the same as ________.
A. election B. acceptance speech
C. swearing-in ceremony D. campaign
All of the following presidents were assassinated EXCEPT ________.
A. John F. Kennedy B. Franklin D. Roosevelt
C. Abraham Lincoln D. James A. Garfield
The word "whom" in the second paragraph refers to ________.
A. Garfield B. Garfield's assassin C. a Union army general D. McKinley
The word "assassinated" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to ________
A. murdered B. decorated C. honored D. sickened
In the third paragraph, "contracted" is closest in meaning to ________.
A. communicated about B. developed C. agree about D. notified
How long did Warren G, Harding work as a president?
A. 2 years B. 3 years C. 4 years D. 4 years
PASSAGE 2
After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel became a very rich man. However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers too late. Nobel preferred not to be remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund to be used for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind. Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, chemistry, medicine, and peace. Economics was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the first awards ceremony. Nobel's original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, and the interest on this sum is used for the awards which vary from $30,000 to $125,000. Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated diploma, and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role in the judges' decisions. Americans have won numerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War II. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War 11. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; others have shared their prizes.
The word "foresaw" in the first paragraph is nearest in meaning to ________.
A. prevailed B. postponed C. prevented D. predicted
The Nobel prize was established in order to ________.
A recognize worthwhile contributions to humanity B. resolve political differences
C. honor the inventor of dynamite D. spend money
In which area have Americans received the most awards?
A. Literature B. Peace C. Economics D. Science
All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.
A. Awards vary in monetary value
B. ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel's invention
C. Politics plays an important role in selecting the winners
D. A few individuals have won two awards
In how many fields are prizes bestowed?
A. 2 B. 5 C.6 D. 10
It is implied that Nobel's profession was in ________.
A. chemistry B. medicine C. literature D. science
In the first paragraph, "worthwhile" is closest in meaning to ________.
A. economic B. prestigious C. trivial D. valuable
How much money did Nobel leaves for the prizes?
A. $30,000 B. $125,000
C. $155,000 D. from $30,000 to $125,000
What is the main idea of this passage?
A. Alfred Nobel became very rich when he invented dynamite.
B. Alfred Nobel created awards in six categories for contributions to humanity.
C. Alfred Nobel left all of his money to science
D. Alfred Nobel made a lasting contribution to humanity
The word "legacy" in the second paragraph means most nearly the same as ________.
A. legend B. bequest C. prize D. debt
PASSAGE 3
For more than six million American children, coming home after school means coming back to an empty house. Some deal with the situation by watching TV. Some may hide. But all of them have something in commom. They spend part of each day alone. They are called “latchkey children”. They are children who look after themselves while their parents work. And their bad condition has become a subject of concern.
Lynette Long was once the principle of an elementary school. She said, “We had a school rule against wearing jewelry. A lot of kids had chains around their necks with keys attached. I was constantly telling them to put the keys inside the shirts. There were so many keys; it never came to my mind what they meant.” Slowly, she learned that they were house keys.
She and her husband began talking to the children who had keys. They learned of the effect working couples and single parents were having on their children. Fear was the biggest problem faced by children at home alone. One in three latchkey children the Longs talked to reported being frightened. Many had nightmares and were worried about their own safety.
The most common was latchkey children deal with their fears is by hidding. They may hide in a shower stall, under a bed or in a closet. The second is TV. They often turn the volume up. It’s hard to get statistics on latchkey children, the Long have learned. Most parents are slow to admit that they leave their children alone.
1. The phrase “an empty house” in the passage mostly means……..
A. a house with nothing inside B. a house with no people inside
C. a house with too much space D. a house with no furniture
2. One thing that the children in the pasage share is that………
A. They all watch TV. B. They all wear jewelry
C.They spend part of each day alone D. they are from single- parent families.
3.The phrase “ latchkey children” in the pasage means children who……….
A. look after themselves while their parents are not at home
B. close doors with keys and watch TV by themselves
C. are locked inside houses with latches and keys.
D. like to carry latches and keys with them everywhere
4. The main problem of latchkey children is that they……
A. watch too much television during the day
B. are growing in numbers.
C. suffer a lot from being left alone.
D. are also found in middle- class families
5. What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Bad condition of latchkey children.
B. Children’s activities at home
C. How kids spend free time
D. Why kids hate going home
6. Why did a lot of kids have chains around their necks with keys attached?
A. Schools didn’t allow them wear jewelry, so they wore keys instead.
B. They would use the keys to enter their houses when they came home
C. The were fully grown and had become independent.
D. They had to use the keys to open school doors.
7. What do latchkey children suffer most from when they are at home alone?
A. Fear B. Tidedness C. Loneliness D. Boredom
8. Lynette Long learned to latchkey children’s problems by….
A. talking to them B. visiting their homes
C. interviewing their parents D. delivering naires
9. What is the most common way for latchkey children to deal with fears?
A. Talking to the Longs B. Hiding somewhere
C. Lying under a TV D. Having a shower
10. It’s difficult to find out the number of latchkey children because……….
A. they hide themselves in shower stalls or under beds
B. they do not give information about themselves for safety reasons
C. there are too many of them in the whole country
D. most parents are reluctant to admit that they leave their children alone
PASSAGE 4
American Online is one of the big names on the Internet, and unlikely many other digital companies, it actually makes a profit. But the company which its rivals call the “Cyber- cockroach” was launched only in 1992. Before that it was a small firm called control Video Corporation, and it made video games. Then Steve Case, a former Pizza Hut marketing executive arrived and took the company online, innovative, fast moving, and user- friendly, American Online appeals to people who want to surf the Internet, but who do not have a lot of experience. For the same reason “ teachies”, people who think the are more expert with computers, look down on American Online and its users. Recently, American Online (or AOL, as it calls itself ) joined with Time Warner- a multi- million- dollar movie and magazine company- to create a multimedia giant.
Now, AOL has begun to expand abroad. In many Europe countries, including the United Kingdom, it is hard to buy a computer magazine that does not have a free AOL introductory offer. The company also puts advertisements onto the television, and employs people to hand out its free introductory disks at places like train stations. As the Internet gets faster AOL is changing. With many homes getting high- speech connections through fiber optic cables or the new ADSL technology, the “Cyber- cockroach” will have to show that, like real cockroaches, it can survive in almost any environment.
1. What is the passage about?
A. A computer company B. A software company
C. An Internet Company D. a video company
2. The word “it” refers to............
A. An American Online B. Cyber- Cockroach
C. Control Video Corporation D. Digital company
3. Who does Steve Case work for?
A. AOL B. Pizza Huts C. Control Video Corporation D. None of these
4. How do “teachies” feel about American Online?
A. They think it is a Cyber- cockroach. B. They think it is for expert
C. They thinlk it is a movie and magazine company. D. They feel superior to its users.
5. American Online has the following characteristics EXCEPT.......
A. innovative B. fast moving C. user- friendly D. experienced
6. People who use American Online are probably.......
A. video game players B. “teachies”
C. movie fans D. people new to the Internet
7. American Online is an unusual digital company because........
A. it used to make video games B. it is innovative
C. it makes money D. it has joined with another company
8. Which marketing idea is not mentioned?
A. Advertisements on the Internet. B. Advertisements on TV
C. Free disks in journals D. people giving disks away
9. What does the articles say about AOL’s future?
A. It will do well B. it will do badly
C. It will face challenges D. The article doesn’t say
10. This passage is about ............
A. technology B. a history of the Internet
C. computer users D. a successful business
PASSAGE 5
In addition to providing energy, fats have other functions in the body. The fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K, are dissolved in fats, as their name implies. Good source of these vitamins have high oil or fat content, and the vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues. In the diet, fats cause food to remain longer in the stomach, thus increasing the feeling of fullness for some time after a meal is eaten.
Fats add variety, taste and texture to foods, which accounts for the popularity of fried foods. Fatty deposits in body have an insulating and protective value. The curves of the human female body are due mostly to strategically located fat deposits. Whether a certain amount of fat in the diet is essential to human health is not definitely known. When rats are fed a fat-free diet, their growth eventually ceases, their skin becomes inflamed and scaly and their reproductive systems are damaged. Two fatty acids, linoleic and arachidonic acids, prevents these abnormalities and hence are called essential fatty acids. They also required by a number of other animals, but their roles in human beings are debatable. Most nutritionists consider linoleic fatty acid an essential nutrient for humans.
Question 1: The passage probably appears in which of the following?
A. A diet book B. A book on basic nutrition
C. A cook book D. A popular women’s magazine
Question 2: The word “functions” is closest in meaning to .
forms B. needs C. jobs D. sources
Question 3: All of the following vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissues EXCEPT_____.
vitamin A B. vitamin D C. vitamin B D. vitamin E
Question 4: The phrase “stored in” is closet in meaning to .
manufactured in B. attached to C. measured by D. accumulated in
Question 5: The author states that fats serve all of the following body functions EXCEPT to_____.
A. promote the feeling of fullness B. insulate and protect the body
C. provide energy D. control weight gain.
Question 6: The word “essential” is closest in meaning to .
required for B. desired for C. similar to D. beneficial to
Question 7: Which of the following is true for rats when they are fed a fat-free diet?
They stop growing B. They have more babies
C. They lose body hair D. They require less care
Question 8:Linoleic fatty acid is mentioned as .
an essential nutrient for humans B. more useful than arachidonic acid
C. prevent weight gain in rats D. a nutrient found in most foods
Question 9: The phrases “abnormalities” refers to .
a condition caused by fried foods.
strategically located fat deposits
curves of the human female body
end of growth, bad skin, and damaged reproductive systems.
Question 10: That humans should all have some fat in our diets is .
a commonly held view B. not yet a proven fact
C. only true for women D. proven to be true by experiments on rats
PASSAGE 6
COLORS AND EMOTIONS
Colors are one of the most exciting experiences in life. I love them, and they are just as important to me as emotions are. Have you ever wondered how the two are so intimately related?
Color directly affects your emotions. Color both reflects the current state of your emotions, and is something that you can use to improve or change your emotions. The color that you choose to wear either reflects your current state of being, or reflects the color or emotion that you need.
The colors that you wear affect you much more than they affect the people around you. Of course they also affect anyone who looks at or sees you, but you are the one saturated with the color all day! I even choose items around me based on their color. In the morning, I choose my clothes based on the color or emotion that I need for the day. So you can consciously use color to control the emotions that you are exposed to, which can help you to feel better.
Colors, sound, and emotions are all vibrations. Emotions are literally energy in motion; they are meant to move and flow. This is the reason why real feelings are the fastest way to get your energy in motion. Also, flowing energy is exactly what creates healthy cells in your body. So, the fastest way to be healthy is to be open to your real feelings. Alternately, the fastest way to create disease is to inhibit your emotions.
Question 1: What is the main idea of the passage?
Colorful clothes can change your mood.
Emotions and colors are closely related to each other.
Colors can help you become healthy.
Colors are one of the most exciting.
Question 2: Which of the following can be affected by color?
Your need for thrills. B. Your friend’s feeling
C. Your appetite. D. Your mood.
Question 3: Who is more influenced by colors you wear?
The people around you are more influenced.
Neither A nor C.
You are more influenced.
Both A and C.
Question 4: According to the passage, what do color, sound, and emotion all have in common?
They all affect the cells of the body.
are all forms of motion.
They are all related to health.
None of the above
Question 5: According to this passage, what creates disease?
Wearing the color black B. Exposing yourself to bright colors
C. Being open to your emotions D. Inhibiting your emotions
Question 6: The word “intimately” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to:
clearly B. closely C. obviously D. simply
Question 7: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to………
emotions B. people C. colors D. none of the above
Question 8: Why does the author mention that color and emotions are both vibrations?
To show how color can affect energy levels in the body.
Because they both affect how we feel.
To prove the relationship between emotions and color.
Because vibrations make you healthy.
Question 9: The phrase “saturated with” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to……………
A. bored with B. in need of C. covered with D. lacking in
Question 10: What is the purpose of the passage?
To persuade the reader that colors can influence emotions and give a person move energy.
To show that colors are important for a healthy life.
To give an objective account of how colors affect emotions.
To prove the relationship between color and emotion.
PASSAGE 7
May 7, 1840, was the birthday of one of the most famous Russian composers of the nineteenth century Peter Illich Tchaikovsky. The son of a mining inspector, Tchaikovsky studied music as a child and later studied composition at the St. Petersburg Conservatory.
His greatest period of productivity occurred between 1876 and 1890, during which time he enjoyed the patronage of Madame von Meck, a woman he never met, who gave him a living stipend of about $1,000.00 a year. Madame von Meck later terminated her friendship with Tchaikovsky, as well as his living allowance, when she, herself, was facing financial difficulties. It was during the time of Madame von Meck’s patronage, however, that Tchaikovsky created the music for which he is most famous, including the music for the ballets of Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty. Tchaikovsky’s music, well known for its rich melodic and sometimes melancholy passages, was one of the first that brought serious dramatic music to dance. Before this, little attention had been given to the music behind the dance. Tchaikovsky died on November 6, 1893, ostensibly of cholera, though there are now some scholars who argue that he committed suicide.
1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned?
A. the life and music of Tchaikovsky
B. development of Tchaikovsky’s music for ballets
C. Tchaikovsky’s relationship with Madame Von Meck
D. the cause of Tchaikovsky’s death
2. Tchaikovsky’s father was most probably…………….
A. a musician B. a supervisor C. a composer D. a soldier
3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “productivity” in line 4?
A. fertility B. maturity C. affinity D. creativity
4. In line 5, the phrase “enjoyed the patronage of” probably means………….
A. liked the company of B. was mentally attached to
C. was financially dependent upon D. solicited the advice of
5. Which of the following could best replace the word “terminated” in line 6?
A. discontinued B. resolved C. exploited D. hated
6. According to the passage, all of the following describe Madame von Meck EXCEPT
A. She had economic troubles. B. She enjoyed Tchaikovsky’s music.
C. She was generous. D. She was never introduced to Tchaikovsky.
7. According to the passage, for what is Tchaikovsky’s music most well known?
A. its repetitive and monotonous tones B. the ballet-like quality of the music
C. the richness and melodic drama of the music D. its lively, capricious melodies
8. According to the passage, “Swan Lake” and “The Sleeping Beauty” are………..
A. dances B. songs C. operas D. plays
9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Tchaikovsky’s influence on ballet music B. Tchaikovsky’s unhappiness leading to suicide
C. the patronage of Madame von Meck D. Tchaikovsky’s productivity in composing
10. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “behind” as used in line 11?
A. in back of B. supporting C. going beyond D. concealing
PASSAGE 8
The peregrine falcon, a predatory bird indigenous to North America, was once in danger of extinction. In the 1960s, scientists discovered byproducts of the pesticide DDT in the birds’ eggs, which caused them to be too soft to survive. The use of the pesticide had been banned in the United States, but the falcons were eating migratory birds from other places where DDT was still used. In order to increase the survival rate, scientists were raising the birds in laboratories and then releasing them into mountainous areas. This practice achieved only moderate success, however, because many of the birds raised in captivity could not survive in the wild.
There is now, however, a new alternative to releases in the wild. A falcon that has been given the name Scarlett chose to make her home on a ledge of the 33rd floor of a Baltimore, Maryland, office building rather than in the wild, and, to the surprise of the scientists, she has managed to live quite well in the city. Following this example, programs have been initiated that release birds like Scarlett into cities rather than into their natural wild habitat. These urban releases are becoming a common way to strengthen the species. Urban homes have several benefits for the birds that wild spots do not. First, there is an abundance of pigeons and small birds as food sources. The peregrine in the city is also protected from its main predator, the great horned owl. Urban release programs have been very successful in reestablishing the peregrine falcons along the East Coast. Although they are still an endangered species, their numbers increased from about 60 nesting pairs in 1975 to about 700 pairs in 1992. In another decade the species may flourish again, this time without human help.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. survival of peregrine falcons B. releases into the wild
C. endangered species D. harmful effects of pesticides
2. In line 1, the phrase “indigenous to” could be best replaced by…………..
A. typical of B. protected by
C. adapted to D. native to
3. The word “byproducts” in line 2 could best be replaced by which of the following?
A. derivatives B. proceeds C. chemicals D. elements
4. In line 3, the word “banned” could be best replaced by
A. authorized B. developed C. disseminated D. prohibited
5. Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “rate” as used in line 5?
A. speed B. percentage C. continuation D. behavior
6. Why were the peregrine falcons in danger?
A. because of pesticides used by American farmers
B. because they migrated to countries where their eggs could not survive
C. because they ate birds from other countries where DDT was still used
D. because they were prized by hunters and hunted to near extinction
7. The word “releases” as used in line 8 most probably means……………
A. internment B. regression
C. distribution D. possessions
8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a reason why a falcon might choose to live in a city?
A. There are high places to nest. B. There are other falcons nearby.
C. There is a lack of predators. D. There is abundant food.
9. As used in line 13, the word “spots” could best be replaced by…………..
A. places B. dilemmas
C. jungles D. materials
10. According to the passage, where have the release programs been the most successful?
A. in office buildings B. on the East Coast
C. in mountainous areas D. in the wild
PASSAGE 9
What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly coincides in its northern portions with the geographic province known as the Great Basin. The Great Basin is hemmed in on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea. The prevailing winds in the Great Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada. At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carriers is precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains. That which reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture. What little water falls there as rain or snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates on the broad, flat desert floors. It is, therefore, an environment in which organisms battle for survival. Along the rare watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence. In the upland ranges, pinon pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.
But the Great Basin has not always been so arid. Many of its dry, closed depressions were once filled with water. Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were once a string of interconnected lakes. The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great Basin were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. The Great Salt Lake is all that remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former.
There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. Climatic changes during the Ice ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to midlatitude deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin. The broken valleys of the Great Basin provided ready receptacles for this moisture.
1. What is the geographical relationship between the Basin and Range Province and the Great Basin?
A. The Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range Province.
B. The Great Basin is larger than the Basin and Range Province.
C. The Great Basin is in the northern part of the Basin and Range Province.
D. The Great Basin is mountainous; the Basin and Range Province is flat desert.
2. According to the passage, what does the great Basin lack?
A. Snow B. Dry air C. Winds from the west D. Access to the ocean
3. The word 'prevailing' in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. most frequent B. occasional C. gentle D. most dangerous
4. It can be inferred that the climate in the Great Basin is dry because …………..
A. the weather patterns are so turbulent B. the altitude prevents precipitation
C. the winds are not strong enough to carry moisture D. precipitation falls in the nearby mountains
5. The word 'it' in line 5 refers to …………
A. Pacific Ocean B. air C. west D. the Great Basin
6. Why does the author mention cottonwoods and willows in line 11?
A. To demonstrate that certain trees require a lot of water
B. To give examples of trees that are able to survive in a difficult environment
C. To show the beauty of the landscape of the Great Basin
D. To assert that there are more living organisms in the Great Basin than there used to be
7. Why does the author mention Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley in the second paragraph?
A. To explain their geographical formation
B. To give examples of depressions that once contained water
C. To compare the characteristics of the valleys with the characteristics of the lakes
D. To explain what the Great Basin is like today
8. The words 'the former' in line 15 refer to ……………
A. Lake Bonneville B. Lake Lahontan C. The Great Salt Lake D. Pyramid Lake
9. The word 'accumulated' in line 17 is closest in meaning to …………
A. dried B. flooded C. collected D. evaporated
10. According to the passage, the Ice Ages often brought about ………….
A. desert formation B. warmer climates C. broken valleys D. wetter weather
PASSAGE 10
The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a paper published in 1917. However, for many years physicists thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker. It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light , amplifying it to much higher powers.
The first to succeed was Charles H.Townes, then at Colombia University in New York . Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves, which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength.
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow, then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37-year-old graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, Physical Review Letter, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.
1. The word 'coin' in line 1 could be replaced by ………….
A. created B. mentioned C. understood D. discovered
2. The word 'intervention' in line 3 can best be replaced by …………
A. need B. device C. influence D. source
3. The word 'it' in line 5 refers to ……..
A. light bulb B. energy C. molecule D. atom
4. Which of the following statements best describes a laser?
A. A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light
B. An atom in a high-energy state
C. A technique for destroying atoms or molecules
D. An instrument for measuring light waves
5. Why was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?
A. He was not concerned with light amplification
B. It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.
C. His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.
D. The laser had already been developed
6. In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of the following EXCEPT ….
A. stimulated emission B. microwaves C. light amplification D. a maser
7. In approximately what year was the first maser built?
A. 1917 B. 1951 C. 1953 D. 1957
8. The word 'emerged' in line 18 is closest in meaning to ………….
A. increased B. concluded C. succeeded D. appeared
9. The word 'outlining' in line 19 is closest in meaning to ……………
A. assigning B. studying C. checking D. summarizing
10. Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?
A. The researchers' notebooks were lost.
B. Several people were developing the idea at the same time.
C. No one claimed credit for the development until recently.
D. The work is still incomplete.
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